Sex Discrimination at Walmart Essay - 1132 Words

Sex Discrimination at Wal-Mart OMM640 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Dr.: David Britton May 14, 2012 Betty Dukes along with five other women filled a law suit against Wal-Mart Inc. in 2001 for discrimination against women, denying them their raises and also their promotions. Betty Dukes and the other women hope that they can stand for hundreds of thousands of other women who might have been similarly affected by this type of behavior when they were there also. Years later the ladies got the go ahead to represent 1.6 other women in the case seeking back wages and maybe even punitive damages from Wal-Mart. This is by far the biggest class action suit against such a huge company†¦show more content†¦Wal-Mart has maintained that they did not discriminate against Betty and the other women that filed claim against, but I believe that Wal-Mart knew exactly what was going on and just chose to ignore Betty when she was making her complaints. They began to take her seriously when she filed the suit. Some of the moral complaints the women were suing Wal-Mart for was for statistica l disparities such female workers were less likely to be paid the proper wages as the men; they were denied promotion in a timely fashion different to those of the men (Boatright, 2009, pg.199). There was a lot of bias involved with all of this; it even has a hint of gender stereotyping. I believe the moral complaints were justified because Betty made complaints to managers and higher up and because she did this they began to treat her differently and demoted her for not opening a cash register with a penny but for talking. When it came to promotions opportunities they were not made known, and those that she wanted they kept telling her they were filled and hired male counter parts that were not fit for the position. What made Wal-Mart managers determine what part of the store you worked was based on your gender and that was wrong, not because they were women meant they could not do what was needed. The women by far were more experienced than the men and the stayed longer on th e job also. It was shown based on the records of the trial and broughtShow MoreRelatedWomen Accuse Walmart Of Sex Discrimination863 Words   |  4 PagesWomen accuse Walmart of sex discrimination According to the BBC News, on 9 March 2011, it was reported that the world’s largest retailer, Walmart, was claimed to be the defendant in a case alleging that it discriminated against its women employees. This contexts rose in the USA when six women staff were concerned that they and other women staff were paid less and had few opportunities to gain promotion as a consequence of their gender, while Walmart claimed that they treated all employees equallyRead MoreSex Discrimination Law Suit Against Walmart861 Words   |  4 Pages In 2001 female employees at Walmart filed a class action sex discrimination law suit against Walmart stores in the district court of Columbia. The case talks about discrimination going on in the workplace a group of woman who were discriminated by their gender. Betty Dukes and five other woman were being discriminated they were under paid and denied advancement opportunities. The allegation were that the company’s policy resulted in worldwide discrimination. Walmart was promoting more men than womanRead MoreGender Discrimination : Women Rights Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesGender Discrimination: Women Rights Since the 1840’s, women have stood for their rights and have successfully made a difference in the world. However, gender discrimination is still a major issue for women. Gender discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because of that person’s sex. It can also involve treating someone less favorably because of his or her connection with an organization or group that is associated with a certain type of sex. Women have been victims for the past 90 yearsRead MoreEssay on Where Are Womens Rights?1616 Words   |  7 Pagesnot know about gender discrimination? Gender Discrimination, which is also called sex discrimination, was gone in the twentieth century right! This is not true. Gender discrimination still exists today around the world in many countries including the United States. Women are being discriminated directly or indirectly. Many women also face the violence related to discrimination. They are being tortured at every minute. Even though Some Countri es have ruled gender discrimination illegal, it still existsRead MoreWalmart : Market And Social Values1599 Words   |  7 PagesWalmart has always been a controversial topic centering its economic and social values since the day it started to expand. However, even with the intensifying voices against Walmart, it has changed the retailing industry by ‘training’ its customer into buying commodities at their lowest price, revolutionizing manufactures and actively promoting itself and participating in charitable events. Before Walmart, no retailer seriously considered the importance of customer experiences and how theRead MoreWhat Is Wellness As A Quality And State Of Being Healthy1522 Words   |  7 Pagesprovision for discrimination. Moreover, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act further facilitate discriminatory treatment of employees based on their health status. The corporate wellness programs have been criticized by many due to its tendency to be moralistic and capricious. Many sociologists like, Peter Conrad, Howard M. Leichter argue that those programs despite of focusing on improving employee’s health statue, are more of a form of corporate control and give rise to discrimination basedRead MoreWomen s Rights Opportunity Commission1376 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Women should be seen and not heard.† This was told to a female employee at a Walmart in Franklin, Tennessee after she was denied a management position. She and other female workers were told that it was a man’s job therefore disqualifying them. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission began combating employment-related discrimination in the early 1960s through laws such as Title VII, which made sex discrimination illegal for employers. Also the Equal Pay Act of 1963 made it illegal for men andRead MoreDefinition Of Wellness As A Quality And State Of Being Healthy1511 Words   |  7 Pagesprovision for discrimination. Moreover, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act further facilitate discriminatory treatment of employees based on their health status. The corporate wellness programs have been criticized by many due to its tendency to be moralistic and capricious. Many sociologists like, Peter Conrad, Howard M. Leichter argue that those programs despite of focusing on improving employee’s health statue, are more of a form of corporate control and give rise to discrimination basedRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Walmart1134 Words   |  5 Pagesactions impact the society. Walmart is a corporation that some can defend does display CSR, while other can defend that it does not. Walmart was the epitome of what a retail chain store should be. Sam Walton took what he learned from the JCPenny model and transformed it into something better. He was responsible for the social responsibility innovations of the â€Å"Buy American† plan and the â€Å"Environmental Awareness† campaign. These innovations display how CSR was displayed by Walmart. The â€Å"Buy American† planRead MoreDiscrimination : Women And Color Discrimination Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesGoodwin 4 Discrimination: Cassie Goodwin Race and color discrimination has dated back to biblical times. It has continued throughout history. Racism in schools have been the most current and frequently talked about discrimination in the last 100 years. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Oliver Brown. Brown v. Board of education was a landmark court case that changed discrimination in the education world. It stated, No state shall make or enforce any law which shall ... deny to any person

In In Memoriam Essay - 1951 Words

The poem In Memoriam by Alfred Lord Tennyson comprises sections that differ in emotion, tone and appearance but are all unified by the speakers confusion about religion and new discoveries in science. Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species, which had many theories of evolution which include, the survival of the fittest and natural selection. These scientific developments characterized the Victorian age and confused the foundation of the Christian faith among people. The stories of the bible conflicted with the scientific facts and the people could no longer accept many of the things that the bible once said. There are many sections of the poem where the confusion is present such as in 54, 55, and 56. In the prologue the speaker†¦show more content†¦He describes how regretful he is for losing his faith and getting spiritually lost, but he eventually found his way back to God. The prologue forces the reader to think about faith and how it connects to science and how the p hysical earth connects to the bible. The speaker points out that it is not easy and in the sections 54, 55, and 56 the speaker has lost all faith and is only left with hope. In section 54 of the poem, the speaker first starts to contemplate his faith. He finds that he is desperately attempting to save his Christian beliefs even though there is so much evidence supporting the opposite. The speaker tries to focus his thoughts to trust that somehow good Will be the final goal of ill (Rundle). He cannot understand or comprehend that everything made by people was for nothing and he keeps his belief that God will prevail. The speaker writes That nothing walks with aimless feet; That not one life shall be destroyed, Or cast as rubbish to the void (Rundle). The speaker believes that God has a place for everyone in the end. Although the scientific evidence says otherwise, the speaker feels he has to hold on to the belief that all life is unique in Gods eyes. The speaker tries to hold on to the thought that he has a purpose in the world apart from procreation. He strives to hold on to this belief That not a moth with vain desire but subserves anothers gain (Rundl e), that all existence is notShow MoreRelatedIn Memoriam Aliam Tennyson Analysis1158 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"In Memoriam,† is a poem that describes the journey of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, his growing Christian faith, and his experiences after the passing of his dear friend Arthur Hallam. Although throughout the memoriam, Tennyson is submerged in deep sorrow and constantly faced with questions and challenges through every bit of the mourning process, Tennyson slowly becomes a faithful and strong believing Christian who is filled with hope and Gods love. Tennyson slowly but surely comes to believe that GodRead More Tennysons In Memoriam Essay2675 Words   |  11 PagesTennysons In Memoriam In Memoriam is an elegy to Tennysons friend Arthur Hallam, but bears the hallmark of its mid nineteenth century context, the locus classicus of the science-and-religion debate.Upon reflection, Hallams tragic death has proved to be an event that provoked Tennysons embarkation upon a much more ambitious poetic project than conventional Miltonian elegy, involving meditation upon the profoundest questions faced by mankind. Scientific advancements, most notablyRead MoreA. Tennyson’s in Memoriam: Stylistic Analysis2272 Words   |  10 PagesThe poem that we are going to analyze in this paper is section XI from the poem In Memoriam, which was written in 1850 by Alfred Tennyson. In Memoriam is a long poem with 131 sections with a varying length. Besides this, it also has a prologue and an epilogue, a happy marriage song on the occasion of the wedding of Tennyson’s sister Cecilia. It was written after the death of Arthur Henry Hallam, a friend of Tennyson’s and it deals with many intellectual issues of the Victorian Age, since theRead MoreSeascape In Memoriam by M.A.S Stephen Spender.1324 Words   |  6 PagesIn the poem Seascape In Memoriam, M.A.S Stephen Spender uses a number of literary devices to convey the various characteristic aspects of the sea. The poet emphasises the power of the sea over humanity and the deceptive nature which it displays to humanity, hiding potential violence and brutality. The poem revolves around the notion of sound as a means of conveying the different faces of the sea. Tone is an important device that is used to mimic the motion of the waves. As a consequence of theRead MoreIn Memoriam: Reinvention of Faith for the Scientific Age? Essay2713 Words   |  11 PagesIn Memoriam is an elegy to Tennysons friend Arthur Hallam, but bears the hallmark of its mid nineteenth century context Ââ€" the locus classicus of the science-and-religion debate. Upon reflection, Hallams tragic death has proved to be an event that provoked Tennysons embarkation upon a much more ambitious poetic project than conventional Miltonian elegy, involving meditation upon the profoundest questions faced by mankind. Scientific advancements, most notably in the fieldsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Memoriam By Alfred Lord Tennyson1839 Words   |  8 PagesIn Memoriam is essentially a memorial poem written by Alfred Lord Tennyson following the death of his dear friend from Cambridge University, Arthur Henry Hallam who died young and unexpectedly in 1833. First published in 1849 sixteen years after his death it chronicles the emotional and intellectual process of mourning and grief as the poet questions his faith in God, nature and the changing society over those sixteen years. T.S. Eliot is in fact quoted as saying that it is a long poem ‘made byRead MoreEssay about Shakespeares Sonnet 30 and Tennysons In Memoriam1302 Words   |  6 PagesLoss has been experienced over centuries and many poets have written on the subject. William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 30 and Alfred Lord Tennyson’s In Memoriam are two poems from different eras that express the idea of loss. Both were written after the loss of a close male friend, and both are only one poem from a series of poems. Shakespeare lived in England where he was born in 1564 and died in 1616 and Tennyson also lived in England where he was born in 1809 and died in 1892, the poems being writtenRead MoreIn Memoriam, Reflections Of My MotherS Life. . Thank You1544 Words   |  7 Pages In memoriam, reflections of my mother s life. Thank you all for coming today. If you open the Bible to Timothy, 3:7, you will see the following verse, I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have Kept the faith. Paul was equating life to a long distance race. As his life was drawing to a conclusion, Paul knew he had finished the race. He had kept the faith. Moms casket sits before us, yet it sits before us empty. Why, because mom finished the race the morning she breathedRead More Victorian Doubt In God Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesAlfred Tennysons In Memoriam nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When I first got this assignment I racked my brain for a topic that would interest me as well as something I could learn from. When I came across Alfred Lord Tennyson it sparked my interest and as I read on I decided that I would write about him. My next decision was to pick one of his poems to research. I finally chose In Memoriam I read the background on it and it interested me. In Memoriam is very long so ImRead MoreAlfred Lord Tennyson Stages Of Grief1407 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In Memoriam A. H. H.,† a poem written by Alfred Lord Tennyson, is an extended expression of the poets grief for the loss of his beloved friend Arthur Hallam. The poem takes the speaker on a journey that describes humanity’s struggle through the stages of grief, depression, and recovery. These stages of grief are universal and are experienced by people from all walks of life, across many cultures. In 1969, Elisabeth Kà ¼bler-Ross first pr oposed these five stages of grief in book, â€Å"On Death and Dying

Internal Controls free essay sample

If the decision is made to issue stock, it would be wise to first complete an internal control report as well as answer the following questions: (1) How many shares should be authorized for sale? (2) How should the stock be issued? (3) What initial value should be assigned to the stock? The content of this internal control report is based on the related methods and measures adopted within an organization to safeguard its assets, enhance the reliability of its accounting records, increase efficiency of operations, and ensure compliance with laws and regulations. The major independent components of the internal control system should always include: †¢Control environment †¢Risk assessment †¢Control activities †¢Information and communication †¢Monitoring It’s been noted that not all the components of an effective internal control system are present within the control components of this company. If LJB decides to go public in the near future there are some internal control requirements to be aware of. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Controls or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most basic component of an internal control system should be the company’s management within the control environment. It is the responsibility of top management to make it clear that the organization values integrity and that unethical activity will not be tolerated. The second component of the internal control system is ensuring that the company managing its control activities. The control activities are the backbone of the company’s effort to address the many risks it may face. In order to reduce the occurrence of fraud, management must design policies and procedures to address the specific risks faced by the company. Getting it Right LJB Company is a relatively small company. This gives the company an advantage over any competitors in the industry. There is a low turnover rate of employees. This shows trust and confidence in your long-term employees, and it also promotes loyalty and employee retention. With a smaller organization it will be easier to set new expectations and implement new rules throughout the company without as many growing pains that could be seen with larger companies. The accountant’s recent decision to switch to pre-numbered invoices was a great idea, and the purchase of an indelible ink machine will also be an excellent investment. Pre-numbered invoices will help to prevent a transaction from being recorded more than once, or conversely, from not being recorded at all. Second, the control system requires that employees promptly forward source documents for accounting entries to the accounting department. This control measure will help to ensure timely recording of the transaction and contributes directly to the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records. Indelible ink machine will help organize as well as simplify the accounting duties. In addition to procedural controls the use of physical controls is essential. The accountant’s act of keeping the checks in a safe in his office is in accordance with the physical controls principle. This reflects the safeguarding of assets and enhances the accuracy and reliability of the accounting records. Things to Ponder It has been observed that the company is violating the principle of control activity of segregation of duties. The accountant is acting as the treasurer and controller. In this dual role, he purchases all of the supplies and pays for these purchases. He also receives the checks and completes the monthly bank reconciliation. Various frauds are possible when one person handles related activities. These duties must be segregated to multiple personnel. Use of the three principles of internal control segregation of record-keeping from physical custody, documentation and independent internal verification is recommended. This will deliver an effective system of internal controls. Any attempt at fraudulent activity will be detected unless there is collusion among the employees. Internal controls over cash receipts should include: a)designating only personnel such as cashiers to handle cash; (b)assigning the duties of receiving cash, recording cash, and having custody of cash to different individuals; (c)obtaining remittance advices for mail receipts, cash register tapes for over-the-counter receipts, and deposit slips for bank deposits; (d)using company safes and bank vaults to store cash with access limited to authorized personnel, and using cash registers in executing over-the-counter receipts; (e)making independent daily counts of register receipts and daily comparisons of total receipts with total deposits; and (f)bonding personnel who handle cash and requiring them to take vacations. Internal controls over cash disbursements include: Having only specified individuals such as the treasurer authorized to sign checks; (b)assigning the duties of approving items for payment, paying he items, and recording the payment to different individuals; (c)using pre-numbered checks and accounting for all checks, with each check supported by an approved invoice; after payment, stamping each approved invoice ‘paid’; (d)) storing blank checks in a safe or vault with access restricted to authorized personnel, and using a machine with indelible ink to imprint amounts on checks; (e)comparing each check with the approved invoice before issuing the check, and making monthly reconciliations of bank and book balances; and (f)) bonding personnel who handle cash, requiring employees to take vacations, and conducting background checks. The principle of establishing responsibility does not appear to be strictly applied by the company in the handling of petty cash. All employees have access to the petty cash in a desk drawer and a re asked to only place a note if they use any of the cash. In this scenario if someone commits theft it might be impossible to determine who is responsible. An essential principle of internal control is to assign responsibility to specific employees. Therefore it is recommended to establish responsibility of only one person for a petty cash control. The petty cash should be in a safe or lockbox and only one person should have access, this person should also be in charge of keeping a log. A supervisor or manager should reconcile petty cash at least once a week. Also, petty cash has to be entered in the system for replenishing the funds. The hiring process is the most important and inexpensive preventive measure for human resource control activities. The company’s human resource department conducts thorough background checks. By conducting these background checks they are not risking the company’s information security. After getting hired each employee should have their own computer login or identifying pass code that keeps track of employees when they log in. By having individual own log-ins accountability is established. Also, the company should block all websites that are not appropriate to view at work. The company needs a full-time IT staff (person) who can monitor and enforce information assurance compliance. Conclusion In evaluating LJB Company to determine readiness for an initial public offering (IPO), it has been noted some areas that are already in compliance and some areas that must be corrected before moving forward. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was drafted to protect employees and investors. The egislation was created to address accounting deficiencies and hold hey employees (specifically the Chief Executive Officer CEO and the Chief Financial Officer CFO) criminally and civilly accountable for the financial reporting of their company.

Concern Opinions In The Australia Financial -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Concern Opinions In The Australia Financial? Answer: Introducation Shareholders are the people who invest in the company, and depends on the financial of the company to take important decisions for their investments. The annual report of the company provides a snapshot of the financial position of the company and helps the shareholders in getting the required information(Belton, 2017)Customers are another important stakeholder who depends on the overall functionality of the company to get the desired results. The customers depend on the annual reports and other public information that is given out for the company, the social media platforms, the overall advertising that the company does to get the desired information needed.Employees are the primary members on whom the workings of the company dependent. It is important that companies must treat their employees as assets and provide them with fair working conditions. If the employees functions well, the company will function well. The overall involvement of the employees has become very prominent and they also have a say in the business decisions of the company(Visinescu, Jones, Sidorova, 2017). The employees can get their share of information from the financials of the company and the website of the company.Many companies depend on strong business partners to help in conducting their operations smoothly. Nowadays retailers look for strong supply partners that can provide them with the required products at the cheapest price possible. These supply chain partners often provide ancillary services like transportation and distribution.Environment is one of the most important stakeholders for the companies are environment in which the company operates. It is important that companies should understand their responsibilities in preserving the nature and the environment and work in sync with the overall well-being of the same. (Gartland, 2017). A balance scorecard is a performance metric that is used to evaluate and enhance the overall performance metric of an organization based on the various internal and external factors associated with the same. A balance scorecard analyzing one important metrics for the RTXM is given below- Particulars Financials Customer Internal Business Process Learning and Growth Management of the raw materials The management of the raw materials is an important aspect. The company should go for such suppliers that provide them with better resources at cheap prices. The cost of the raw materials is included in the income statement of the company and has an effect on the overall profit that the company earns(Prasad Chand, 2017). The cost of the raw materials has impact on the price that the customer needs to pay. It is thus necessary from the aspect of customer better management of the raw materials and its growth and sustainability. The company should also include the environmental impact of generation of products on the total effect that it is having on the customers(Dichev, 2017). The management of the raw materials is an important internal business process. The company needs to appoint experts who can advise on the same and help in ensuring better management. The company also needs to have timely audit to ensure stability of its internal control. The overall learning and growth of the company is associated with the overall management of the each and every department of the company(Visinescu, Jones, Sidorova, 2017). Growth comes from overall development of the company and its various aspects. Thus it is important that company should focus not on one aspect but overall growth. The company should also focus on providing requsite training to the employee so that they can also contribute in the growth of the company. The company is having an option to select between two suppliers who supplies the required raw material for the company. A fair comparison between the two suppliers based on the overall cost and profit is given below- Particulars Super Cheap Green Fashion Cost This supplier can provide a large range of products required by the company at competitive prices within the time frame required(Elimam, 2017). This supplier can provide only limited products within a given time frame and the overall prices are comparatively high. Effect on environment It was found that this supplier was using thousand liters of water to produce a range of clothes and all this water was discharged in the local river, and no further steps were taken to solve this issue. This caused a lot of water pollution, and made the water unfit for drinking. The residents were also hampered as they were not getting clean water. In short, they caused a lot of harm to the environment and took no proper steps to solve this issue. In case of Green Fashion, the suppliers are very keen on being environmentally sustainable and same ideas have been presented on their website. They promote products that are more environment friendly and have provided the same on their websites. Labor Conditions Super Cheap does not promote fair conditions for its workers, it indulges in a lot of child labor and does not promote work life balance for its employees. (Mayntz, 2017). Green fashion provides fair working condition to its employees and promote healthy work life balance. It ethically sources all its labor, and helps in sustainable development and growth of its employees(Chron, 2017). Based on this comparison it can be said that the company should go for that supplier that promotes healthy work life balance among its employees and take the necessary steps for the conservation of the environment. The believes of the supplier are same as RTXM, and the same has been displaced on their websites. (Explaining auditors propensity to issue going-concern opinions in Australia after the global financial crisis, 2017). The life cycle assessment is a technique that is associated with the different levels of a product cycle. It helps in assessing the overall environmental impact of producing a product from the initial stage to its final delivering. It helps designers in understanding the overall impact of developing a product. In case of RTXM, the company is a garment manufacture and it produces mainly jeans and T shirt(Cayon, Thorp, Wu, 2017). The LCA of jeans is given below, along with its possible environmental and social implicationProduction of Cotton,Production of Fabric,Manufacturing of the garment,Transportation and distribution,Consumer care,End of Life and Recycling These are various stage of Life Cycle Assessment of a jean, the four-possible social and environmental impact of the first two stages of this LCA are-Production of cotton requires a lot of manual labor, and it is important that proper working conditions must be provided, else the workers will suffer.Production of Fabric requires a lot of water and it can lead to a lot of water pollution.Production of fabric in factories is also associated with several work place diseases and therefore safety of the workers must be ensured in such a condition(Kohtamki, 2017).The production of jeans is also associated with the overall dying of the fabric and maintenance of the same. This requires the workmen to work in harsh conditions and hampers their health(Belton, 2017). The company may take necessary steps in reducing the hazards for the workers to ensure proper working condition for them. The company must try to reduce the overall impact on the environment and ensure proper steps must be taken to reduce the effect of the same. Protection of the environment and maintain sustainability of the same is important for the company and its overall growth and development(Vieira, ODwyer, Schneider, 2017). Stakeholders are the backbone of any industry and it is important that investor protection must be provided. In case of an automobile industry, the company can improve the overall return to its shareholder, by increasing the overall operations of the company. The company can improve the share price of the company by improving its liquidity position in the market, this in turn will improve the share price of the company and that will improve the position of the shareholders in the market. The main aim of the company should be to increase the credibility of the company and that will in return help in providing better return to the shareholders. The company can improve its performance in the financial sector, by timely completing all the statutory requirements like paying of taxes, filing of return, and all other compliance related work. This will help the company in making a name in the market and help in increasing the overall prices of the share. The automobile industry is a manufact uring based company and the major impact is on the consumers and the retailers. It is very important that cost management of the company is optimum so that the end consumer who gets the product after passing through so many middle men is not hampered (Dichev, 2017). The production of automobile, use of fuel and use of the same by the consumers causes a lot of air pollution which is very harmful, the companie should install safety measures to make sure that it can be reduced considerably. Protection of environment and maintaining the overall stability is one of the prime responsibility of the company and it must focus on all round growth and development. This is turn will help in increasing the stock prices of the company resulting in an increase in value of shares (Prasad Chand, 2017). References Belton, P. (2017). Competitive Strategy: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. London: Macat International ltd. Cayon, E., Thorp, S., Wu, E. (2017). Immunity and infection: Emerging and developed market sovereign spreads over the Global Financial Crisis. Emerging Markets Review. Chron. (2017). five-common-features-internal-control-system-business. Retrieved december 07, 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/five-common-features-internal-control-system-business-430.html Dichev, I., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), pp. 617-632. Elimam, H. (2017). The Role of Small Businesses (Small Scale Economic Projects) in Alleviating the Acuity of Unemployment. International Business Research, 10(3). Explaining auditors propensity to issue going-concern opinions in Australia after the global financial crisis. (2017). Accunting and Finance, Carson,E;Fargher,N;Zhang,Y;. Gartland, D. (2017). The importance of audit planning. Journal Of Accountancy. Kohtamki, M. (2017). Real-time Strategy and Business Intelligence: Digitizing Practices and Systems. Finland: Palgrave Macmillan. Mayntz, R. (2017). Networked Governance. Springer. Prasad, P. Chand, P., 2017. The Changing Face of the Auditor's Report: Implications for Suppliers and Users of Financial Statements. Australian Accounting Review Vieira, R., ODwyer, B., Schneider, R. (2017). Aligning Strategy and Performance Management Systems. SAGE Journals, 30(1). Visinescu, L., Jones, M., Sidorova, A. (2017). Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), 58-66

The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power

The abuse of power is a prevalent phenomenon in diverse societies and systems of governance as evident by the practice of judges in the context of law and the ability of a president to pardon criminals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Judges operate within a legal structure, which constrains their roles in the administration of retributive justice and curtails their authority regarding tasks such as pardoning of offenders or discarding the execution of penalties despite the fact that they are the guardians of the law. On the other hand, the constitution bestows excellent power to the executive, as a branch of the legislature, in critical matters of perceived justice and justifiable violence. The functions of the judicial department conflict with the powers of the executive because of the executive’s tendency t o override retributive justice and sustain the governmental decree of justice (Bull 2012, p.173). The existence of the judicial department as an element of the state has created a loophole that allows entities within the government that violate laws and avoid the recommended penalties. For example, although law enforcement agencies have been on the limelight on numerous occasions due to acts of violence against civilians, juries often absolve the agencies of any wrongdoing. The most common justification for the use of violence by the police against citizens concerns the discretion to use force in situations whereby the police perceive violent intervention as crucial to the undertaking of their duties. The willingness of juries to condone violence highlights ideologies and structures of the power of the state that seek accountability of civilians but absolves elements of the government from any responsibility. The state exists as a monopoly and legitimizes violence within its various elements and branches because the power of the country entails controlling various means of violence. State agents can use violence without much condemnation by the judiciary with state officers acting as an extension of the expression of the state power and violence. Considering that government officers act in the capacity of the state, they can advance their personal interests and gains by disregarding the law and promoting violence in the pretext of doing their job and acting in the line of duty.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The constitution defines legal exceptions for the state in matters such as protecting the sovereignty through just war or internal wars, which allow political leaders and influential individuals to undertake unpopular actions and defy international law. For example, the invasion of Iraq by the United States defied the UN Security Council resolution s and led to widespread abuse of human rights and a significantly high number of civilian casualties (Burke 2007, p.10). When viewed in the realm of strategies for national security, a Congressional vote for the invasion of Iraq possessed a legal legitimacy despite the fact that all the powers of the government should exist within the context of the law. Legal structures, which grant executive powers and exceptions, promote violence against civilians by influential individuals who enjoy exemptions as provide by the constitution. All actions by the state or an individual should be subject to their consequences and cause of harm to other parties because the state does not exist in a vacuum but is a collection of individuals bestowed with power in various capacities. The executive power allows the state to act as the complainant, prosecutor and judge so that influential individuals acting in the capacity of the country can promote impunity, violence and injustice without having to worr y about being accountable for their actions. The influence of the state over legal interpretations coerces courts to act in favour of the country and is a central aspect in the foundation and thriving of states on violence. The alignment of legal interpretations in favour of state violence provides room for the application of authoritarian violence and the sustenance of hermeneutic jurisdiction (Koskenniemi 1990, p.17). The acceptance of violence by those in power emanates from the fact that judges will support violence by the state and encourage the subjection of civilians to state violence. The power of the state allows the prevalence of selective justice and submissiveness of civilians to avoid the consequences of conflicting with state interests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individuals within the judicial de partment promote violence through their assertion of laws and destructions of others using the court’s authority, which gives superiority to judges’ interpretation of the constitution (Selassie 1936, p.1). The acceptance of a judge’s interpretation, even when wrong, allows collaboration between the executive and the judiciary in absolving the wrongdoings of those in power. Resistance by civilians against inappropriate legal interpretations is likely to encounter violent of administration, which is beyond the reproach of the court law. An analysis of state violence illustrates that the authority of judges cannot circumscribe the undertakings of the wielders of state violence because the constitutional structure seeks to limit the intrinsic power of the judicial department. The need by influential individuals to retain authority overrides the importance of protecting the constitutional rights of victims of violence and introduces aspects of deference of justice by the state or administrators so that the influential people do not take responsibility. Reference List Bull, H 2012, The Anarchical Society: a Study of Order in World Politics, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke. Burke, A 2007, Beyond security, ethics and violence war against the other, Routledge: London. Koskenniemi, M 1990, ‘The Politics of International Law’, European Journal of International Law, vol. 1, no. 1, pp 4-32. Selassie, H 1936, Haile Selassie, Appeal to the League of Nations, June 1936. Mount Holyoke. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Language of Justice to Excuse the Violence of Those in Power was written and submitted by user PhilCoulson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Writers Voice Is All About Choice

A Writers Voice Is All About Choice A Writer’s Voice Is All About Choice A Writer’s Voice Is All About Choice By Mark Nichol Every masterful writer has a unique voice: Think James Joyce’s avant garde stream of consciousness, Mark Twain’s just-folks dissection of the human condition, Ray Bradbury’s nostalgic haze of poetic reverie, Bill Bryson’s mirthful menageries of adjectives and adverbs. Great writers, whether literary giants or popular favorites, are the soloists of the writing choir. Most people, however, do not have, or have not yet developed, voice (otherwise referred to as mood, style, or tone), and are as yet relegated to the chorus. But it doesn’t take all that much to develop a distinctive writing voice other than practice, practice, practice and by paying attention to the components of voice, you might get a shot at a solo now and then after all. Voice is all about the choices you make: the topic, the story structure, the phrasing, the vocabulary, the details. But there’s more to it than that; there’s also the passion for the subject matter, and the fortitude of opinion. Think of the works you’ve read from the writers I named above, or your own favorites. A certain way to lose a debate is to charge any one of them with apathy about the stories they tell, or a lack of investment in their ruminations about the decadence of society, bigotry and hypocrisy, small-town idylls and ideals, or the head-shaking absurdity of the human race. This force of personality is manifested in details. Pick up a novel or a nonfiction work you admire and pick out any passage: Joyce’s intimate portraits of quotidian life in Dublin, Twain’s comic set pieces that reveal much more than is on the surface, Bradbury’s close-ups on canvases of endless, magical rural summer days, and Bryson’s apt, adept observations about eccentrics are all steeped in mesmerizing particulars that make reading about them the next best thing to being there. Ways with words and sentences, too, are a prime marker of voice: Think of Bryson’s dense descriptive sentences punctuated with hyperbole or Bradbury’s odes to halcyon days of yore, Twain’s rich, subtly sarcastic regionalisms or Joyce’s offbeat observations. These are all reflections of the writer’s personality. So many books are published today, especially with the explosion of self-published print books and e-books, that it’s hard to stand out from the crowd. One way is to come up with a unique perspective: the narrator is dead, and is observing events with a nebulous omniscience, or is from another planet, and is puzzled by the most basic of human habits and customs. But even the cleverest narrative conceit is of little use if a writer fails to inundate a story with original, authentic, individual thoughts and feelings. Many writers are inspired by an established author who they model their own style after, but the key to success not fame and fortune, but the satisfaction of having crafted a distinctive work is to discover your own storytelling style, whether you write fact, fiction, or poetry. To do so, you must understand yourself, your personality, the building materials that have gone into the construction of the edifice you are today. What joys, sorrows, triumphs, and defeats have you celebrated or suffered? How have relationships with family and friends shaped your approach to interpersonal interactions? What is your philosophy of life, and what is your answer to â€Å"What is the meaning of life?† (Mine is, â€Å"To live.† You’re welcome to copy my answer onto your paper.) A writer who fails at introspection fails at writing. To find your voice, you must sing to yourself about yourself, and transcribe the song. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousThrew and Through

Whether the Code of Ethics is an Effective Way of Effective Media Essay

Whether the Code of Ethics is an Effective Way of Effective Media Practice - Essay Example The emergence of developed techno-economic paradigm inevitably increases greater attention of the organisations or the agencies in order to revitalise their overall economic performance. According to the recent practices of the media and communication organisations it has been recognised that the codes of media related practices have drawn major interest towards increasing attention on a particular media enquiry, which has transformational influence on the overall communication and media industry (Christians, 2009). Moreover, the codes of practices also have been recognised to draw attention about any required changes in the media and communication policies in order to contribute to a transformational economy. However, ethics or the codes of media practices in Australia has also been recognised to bring major hurdles for the country’s media and communication industry in terms of substantially improving the media performance of the organisations (Media Entertainment & Arts Alli ance, 2013). Few of the key roles played by the ethics/codes of media practices have been critically described in the following sections. According to the current media and communication of Australia, the codes of ethics has long been witnessed to play a pivotal role not only to increase community awareness, but it also has major contribution on the transformational economic growth of the nation. The code of ethics of the nation has also been recognised in securing best practices of the media and communication organisations along with their wide range of practices. The codes of ethics in Australian media industry possess relatively simple and clearly identifiable factors that determine to improve efficiency of the organisations. The code of ethics of the country relies basically on four major factors, including honesty, fairness, independence and respect for the rights and liberties of others (Australian Press Council, 2014). In the context of honesty, conserving the way of honestly reporting and interpreting essential facts has been identified as a set of common and relatively best practices in the Australian ethical codes of media practices. In order to meet the requirement of honesty in response to the ethical codes, the process of striving accuracy along with fairness and revelation of each essential fact can be dully accepted towards securing ethical media practices across the nation (Australian Press Council, 2014).  

Strategic management and other aspects of HRM Research Paper

Strategic management and other aspects of HRM - Research Paper Example Traditionally, personnel management took the functions of HRM. When functions and responsibilities multiplied to the fore due to various organizational and environmental factors, changes have to be incorporated in the organization. Human Resource Management has taken over the functions of Personnel Management. These functions range from recruitment to training to managing the personnel and their functions in an organization. In the UK, HRM emerged in the late 1980s, giving way to personnel management, during the time when stress on the integration of HR policies was needed. The people are the organization’s greatest asset, and human resource is to manage or take care of this special asset. If the people are working well in the organization, it means HRM is doing its job of looking over the employees. Human resource management is defined as â€Å"a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives† (Armstrong, 2006, p. 3). But Storey (1989) believes that HRM can be regarded as a ‘set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning’. Storey suggests these following aspects that constitute the meaningful version of HRM: it is ‘a particular constellation of beliefs and assumptions; a strategic thrust informing decisions about people management; the central involvement of line managers; and a reliance on a set of ‘levers’ to shape the employment relationship’.

MGMT 4330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT 4330 - Essay Example Making the decision alone will provide a room for personal growth and development. This is because it helps in utilizing time and saving resources, especially when the decision is to overcome the crisis or an urgent situation. It is also apparent that personal decisions can enable a person to come up with strategies that propel timely completion of tasks. Even though the decision is to be made personally, consultation is essential. The idea of having consultations is not to have the issues form part of the decisions that are to be made (Whetten and Kim 469). Decisions that are made without involving other individuals provide a sense of commitment to the inherent duty. Personal decision enables the individual to prudently manage time and come up with policies and procedures essential for success. The essence of making the decision alone is also to provide a self-evaluation and the basis for chatting ones destiny. However, the involvement of other decision makers who introduce new ideas that enhance the selection of different

Asbestos In Buildings: Types and Health Effects

Asbestos In Buildings: Types and Health Effects Asbestos in buildings current status Introduction Asbestos has been used for more than 2,000 years. It was named by the Ancient Greeks, its name meaning inextinguishable. Even then the Greeks noted the harmful affects of asbestos, as they noticed the slaves that wove the asbestos into cloth form had developed respiratory problems after studying their lungs. (asbestosresource) The asbestos fibres fall into two types, amphiboles and serpentines. The blue and brown asbestos fibres fall into the amphibole group. They fall into this group because they are compounds of metal silicates which consist of short and sharp fibres. For this reason they have the ability of remaining within the human body for long periods of time. Also for this reason this group of asbestos is more dangerous than the white fibred asbestos. (asbestoswatchdog) Today asbestos is a general term that is given to numerous naturally occurring silicate minerals. There are six forms of asbestos the three that are not very common are known as actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite. Amongst the six naturally occurring minerals there are three main forms of asbestos which are known as Chrysotile, Crocidolite and Amosite. Otherwise they are known in the same order as white, blue and brown. In 1999 The Asbestos Prohibition Regulations banned the use of all new forms of this material. There has been a gradual decline in the use of asbestos from the early 1960s. Even though a high number of buildings have had the asbestos removed and then replaced with a more suitable material, there is still a very high number of buildings that still contain asbestos and most of it is has remained undetected. (Eclipsescientific) Asbestos has many properties and for this reason it was widely used. Strength Incombustibility Use as a binding agent Resistance to high temperatures Resistance to electrical current Resistance to acids and alkalis Absorbs sound (Asbestos-answers) It can be seen very clearly why asbestos was used on such a wide scale, looking at the properties it seemed to be the only material that had such a variety and was also available on a broad scale. Asbestos possesses unique tensile strength and flexibility from its fibres and it is for this reason that it was used in the first place. These fibres are too small to be seen by the naked eye. The ability of the asbestos fibres to flex allows them to be woven, though it is harder to weave the amphibole group due to there rigidity. On the other hand the serpentine group was used more due to its flexibility. There is no simple test to recognize the different types of fibres, and this judgment cannot be made on colour alone, but it requires a lab test to find out which type of asbestos it is that they are dealing with. More will be discussed on how the tests are carried out and the types of samples that are used later on in this report. All these forms of asbestos are known to be very dangerous to human health and can cause illnesses to which there is no cure. The way the asbestos enters the body is through the inhalation of the fibres, these fibres then rest in the lower part of the lungs where they can lay for many years. These fibres cannot be absorbed through the skin. Due to the size of the fibres they can only be seen through a microscope, and there size also allows them to penetrate deep into the lungs, this can cause respiratory diseases or some types of cancer. â€Å"The principal asbestos related diseases are that of: asbestosis (fibrosis) scarring of the lungs; mesothelioma a cancer of the inner lining of the chest wall or abdominal cavity; lung cancer; and diffuse pleural thickening a non-malignant disease in which the lining of the lung (pleura) becomes scarred.† (13/11/07, healthandsafetytips) The types of asbestos containing materials found in domestic properties are likely to be in ducts, access panels, ceiling tiles, partitions etc. These if still existing in domestic buildings will be found 1960’s and 1970’s built housing. Most of the materials containing asbestos look similar to those materials that do not contain asbestos. If the materials that contain asbestos are in good condition they can be left in place and managed, but if they are damaged dangerous fibres can be released which have to be removed only by an approved contractor. Asbestos being a very hazardous material only becomes dangerous when it is airborne and the fibres are inhaled. Today the types of commercial buildings that asbestos may still remain in are the ones that were refurbished in between 1950 and 1980 as this was the peak time that the asbestos was used in buildings. What will make it more likely for the building to contain asbestos is if the building had a steel frame and contained boilers with thermal insulation. Asbestos wasn’t only used in sheet form and as an insulation but also as asbestos cement which was used to cover walls etc. The asbestos was also used in the buildings in the form of a spray which was mixed with hydrated asbestos cement; this was then sprayed on to many of the structural and non-structural members, so the majority of the building may contain asbestos in one form or another. (HSE) Overtime the members and materials coated with asbestos spray may break down due to wear and tear this will gradually release asbestos fibres into the air which due to their non visible fibres could be inhaled therefore causing health problems. Before work is started on a building any asbestos containing material cement, plasterboards etc must be identified. Any work carried out on asbestos containing material must be carried out by a HSE licensed contractor. (sutton.gov.uk) Asbestos 2.1– Types As mentioned in the introduction to this report there are six forms of asbestos chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. Of these six there are the three main forms of asbestos which are amosite (brown), chrysotile (white) and crocidolite (blue). The colours of these types of asbestos are not visible to the human eye, so all the asbestos should be treated as equally hazardous. Chrysotile or better known as white asbestos is obtained from rocks known as serpentines. This is the only type of asbestos that belong to this rock group. These rocks are found commonly through out the world. This type of asbestos is the only one out of the others which has curly flexible fibres as opposed to the other types of fibres which are straight, sharp like a needle and some are even brittle. This is also the most common type of asbestos as it accounts for about 90% of all the asbestos consumed across the world, when compared to the other types. This is still the most commonly mined form of asbestos till today. (phhenv) This fibre is known to do the least amount of damage to the lungs. This fibrous material is composed of 40% silica and 40% magnesium, though these fibres have a good heat resistance they can be destroyed by acids. Chrysotile has fibres which have a layered silicate structure. These layers can be regarded as made up from silicon atoms and each of these atoms is surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners which creates an almost regular tetrahedron. Then there are the magnesium atoms, of them each are surrounded by six oxygen atoms which creates an almost regular octahedron. These two are linked by the sharing of there basal oxygen atoms which then forms a continuous layer. Amosite asbestos is a part of the amphiboles rock group; this is mainly used as a flame retardant material within thermal insulation material such as ceiling tiles. This brown asbestos is typically used in insulating materials. The crystals in this type of asbestos vary and they can be flat prisms, brittle grains or long thin threads. The threads are commonly found in naturally occurring bundles. The longer and thinner fibres of amosite are rather flexible and curve to form wide arches. These long wide arches of amosite fibres then break into minor groups that consequence in sharp needle like fibres. The ends of the fibres are plane and do not have tattered or split ends, this is one of the main characteristics that helps differentiate amosite from chrysotile asbestos fibres. Broken bundles also are frequently found and resemble broom tails in appearance. Remains of the crystal fibres can be recognized in some building resources that were manufactured with amosite. (davidcole) Crocidolite asbestos is one of the five types of amphibole asbestos; this means the fibres in Crocidolite are made up of mineral crystals that look like chains. Crocidolite is often called blue asbestos, and occurs naturally in Australia, South Africa, Russia and Canada. Crocidolite was the least types of asbestos used in commercial products. Crocidolite fibres usually bear a resemblance to chrysotile fibres but they are vaguely more brittle. This form of asbestos is harder than any other member in the amphibole family. This is also one of the most carcinogenic fibres as it induces the release of reactive oxygen species from phagocyte cells (cells that engulf and destroy invading organisms). This in turn damages the cells DNA and as all cells are programmed to die after a certain amount of time, the damaged DNA changes that and therefore the cell will reproduce uncontrollably. This will eventually result in malignancy and show the result of the carcinogenic properties of asbestos fibres. (carcin.oxfordjournals) The contemporary use of asbestos dates from the late 1800’s where great amounts of asbestos deposits were discovered in Canada. Brusquely after this discovery commercial asbestos mine was opened in Russia. Since then the two former mentioned countries have been the main worldwide producers of chrysotile. There is no asbestos mined in the UK and the largest asbestos producer in the world is Russia. The main sources of asbestos that are imported into the UK are from Canada and South Africa. It can be seen that Russia has been the largest producer of the most commonly used form of asbestos (Chrysotile). Whereas South Africa has been the smallest producer of white asbestos. These production values have dropped since the ban of asbestos around Europe, hence the amounts of asbestos used has declined. tonnes. It also indicates the amount of asbestos that America has been using since the 1940’s. It can clearly be seen that America was the largest consumer of asbestos until the 1970’s when the use of asbestos started to decline. By 1999 the worldwide production of asbestos had also declined by more than a half since 1990. This signifies that around the 1990’s asbestos had started become prohibited around the worlds largest consumers hence the overall consumption of asbestos was rapidly reduced. 2.3– Processed Asbestos is processed through a milling procedure, where the useful fibres are separated from the non-useful materials within the asbestos rock. When the fibres are separated they become shorter and also split lengthwise due to their crystalline structure. Many of the fibres that result from the milling process are too small to see with the naked eye. The fibres that are milled are graded by a machine as they pass through it they are caught in a sieve and then measured. This process may vary from mine to mine. There are many different grades of fibres that are used in the construction industry but the focal point is on those fibres that are in the respirable range, as it is these fibres that have the size and shape which can cause damage to human health by penetrating into the depth of the lungs, and this is where they will remain for long periods of time. (Asbestos: from rock to fabric, 1956) 2.4– Uses in construction The first use of asbestos for construction purposes was in 1890 in the form of fireproof roofing materials. Later on in the next 10 years on from 1890 the use of asbestos expanded to engine gaskets and boiler insulation, it can be seen that the heat resistance properties of asbestos were being exploited for commercial use. Then from the early 1900’s the use of asbestos expanded to building insulation and in the 1930’s this had extended to a cement bonding agent. Indicating that asbestos had become a highly sought after material. Up to date it has been estimated that asbestos may be a component of more than 3,000 types of construction materials (Hess, 1998). According to figures from the asbestos report from the committee, out of 143 000 tonnes of asbestos that was imported into the UK in 1976, roughly about 42 900 tonnes were used to manufacture construction products such as cladding sheets and roofing tiles (Stationery Office, 1979). Due to the high heat resistance of asbestos it was mainly used in the construction for fire protection, i.e. to separate rooms. It can also be mixed with cement and used as a spray, which is then sprayed onto articles within a structure. Due to its high-quality weather resistance it was used on a large scale on roof sheets, pipes and guttering. (Harrogateaccommodationservice) There were many materials manufactured for construction purposes. They are as follows; For the roofs of the buildings there were many different materials used, the main materials contained asbestos bonding. Cement roof slates, cladding and roofing sheets all contained asbestos bonding in the form of cement. The former three materials were all designed to be strong as they will face different temperatures and weathering. The combination of asbestos and cement made it very hard for these materials to release fibres, unless they were heavily damaged, drilled or cut using other machinery. As mentioned above the roofing asbestos products were made to be very strong so therefore they are of low risk when it comes to releasing fibres and danger to human health compared to those asbestos products used on the inside of the building. The flooring in buildings that were constructed with ACM’s may also contain asbestos. This can be in the form of 99 inches thick floor tiles which were used in the early stages of ACM’s becoming popular. The tiles also come in the 1212 inches size which is the more common size used for floor tiles today. Linoleum floor sheeting is also another type of asbestos containing material that was used for floors of kitchens and bathrooms but was most commonly used in commercial buildings such as hospitals and school corridors. In addition mastic glue was used to stick the linoleum and tiles to the floor may have also contained asbestos. Like every asbestos product it should be assumed that these products contain asbestos until proven otherwise by microscopic identification (Sandro A, p68). The illustration above shows typical asbestos linoleum floor sheeting and asbestos containing wall tiles which could also be used for the floor. Insulation was another material used in construction that contained asbestos namely crocidolite. This was used to line the attic of a building and in some cases to line fireplaces and pipes. Asbestos is chemically lifeless hence it has excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties and this is the reason for its use as insulation (Fillmore. W, Galaty, Wellington. J, 2002). It must be noted that asbestos was almost always bonded with other materials that were already being used for a certain job i.e. roof tiles, cladding etc. All the asbestos did is improve the properties of these materials making them more durable, heat resistant and flame retardant. Acoustic ceiling materials were used to reduce the amount of sound travel between the floors of a building. The asbestos was used as a spray which was applied to the ceiling; this was mainly to save money from having to plaster the ceiling. The asbestos was bonded with ceiling paint and applied Carcinogenic agents are those that can influence the carcinogenic development either by mutating vital target genes or by escalating the amount of cells at threat from mutations. â€Å"Cytogenetic and molecular studies of asbestos-related cancers indicate that inactivation or loss of multiple tumor suppressor genes occurs during lung cancer development. Aneuploidy and other chromosomal changes induced by asbestos fibers may be involved in genetic alterations in asbestos-related cancers†. (Pubmedcentral) Furthermore, asbestos fibers may influence the carcinogenic process by inducing cells to rapidly multiply and produce new cells or tissues, free radicals, or other promotional mechanisms. This indicates that asbestos fibers may act at numerous stages of the carcinogenic process by both genetic and epigenetic (changes the physical characteristics of an organism) mechanisms. The ability of the asbestos to remain in the lungs and body is undoubtedly important in fibre carcinogenicity. On the other hand, the time necessary for a fibre to remain in the lung to put forth a cancer-related effect is tricky to state. (Pubmedcentral) Studies of how health-related conditions occur in specific populations show that the amphiboles and chrysotile can increase the risk of lung cancer. The carcinogenicity of chrysotile has been recognised for some time by international bodies, â€Å"This carcinogenicity was confirmed by the experts consulted by the panel; with respect to both lung cancers and mesotheliomas†¦we therefore consider that we have sufficient facts that there is in fact serious carcinogenic risk associated with the inhalation of chrysotile fibres† (epa.gov) The above statement indicates that chrysotile has the carcinogenic ability to be able to cause cancer if people are exposed to airborne fibres. (Mesotheliomareference) Details of exactly how asbestos fibres cause malignancy in cells is still largely unknown. Although there is a lack of information of how the malignancy occurs in the cells from these fibres the basics of how these mechanisms occur is known. It is not apparent if the asbestos fibres cause malignancy by encouraging the cells by direct relations or by the toxic materials that are released by the fibres which will eventually cause cancer. The fibres will first cause local irritation and inflammation to the neighbouring tissue, where they will get lodged afterwards. The inflammation and irritation causes the body to release chemicals, these chemicals cause changes in the cells and the interaction with the asbestos fibres and other factors which are largely unknown, will eventually cause the cell to continue onto a malignant change. (medicineworld.org) The human body has different sets of genes for growth promotion and growth suppression. In a regular healthy state the genes that promote growth and genes that suppresses the growth are in good synchronization, so that the cell growth and cell division occur only when it is needed. These growths related genes are susceptible to and can get damaged by internal or external factors. Therefore if a growth suppressing gene is damaged the mechanism that controls the suppressing and unwanted growth might be lost. Alternatively if damage occurs in the growth promoting genes, they might lose their capability to endorse cell growth, but some types of damage can actually increase the growth promoting ability of these types of genes. The result of this type of damage to the cell genes is that it no longer pays attention to the commands of the tumour suppressor genes and continues to multiply. Each cell is programmed to expire after definite number of cell divisions. Due to the damage this programmed cell death does not take place, in turn causing the cell to multiply without any control making the cell almost immortal. This ability to multiply without control and the immortality factor rapidly increases the chances of the cell to develop into cancer. The asbestos fibre will damage the genes of the cells and causing genetic changes in a cell which is programmed to perform a certain task will almost definitely cause more harm then good, and in this case it can lead to cancer. So asbestos does have a level of carcinogenicity, but the factors that this depends on are varying i.e. length of exposure, type of asbestos exposed to. (Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposure and Their Health Effects, 2000) 3.1 – Fibre types and Health affects. 3.1.1 – Which is worst Currently there is no strong evidence that supports which type of fibre is the most harmful to the human body. It is stated that chrysotile is the least harmful and that amosite is the most harmful as it has the highest link to lung and respiratory cancers and conditions. 3.1.2 – Why is the worst 3.1.3 – Illnesses Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelium; this is a thin membrane which lines the chest, abdomen and the organs that surround this area. This type of cancer is usually associated with Crocidolite, but it can also be caused by other types of asbestos as well. The cancer can develop even after very little exposure to asbestos fibres, and can take up to 15 years to develop. This is known as the latent period and in some cases it has known to take up to 40 years before it develops. It is also thought that this type of cancer may be related to other malignancies than just asbestos. As with all the types of asbestos cancers smoking can cause the cancer to speed up. Lung Cancer from asbestos exposure can take two common forms the small cell lung cancer which is as stated by its title a cancer where the cells are small and round. Alternatively there’s the non small cell lung cancer, this is where the cancer cells are larger. Out of these two types of lung cancers the small cell lung cancer accounts as the main from by having a cancer relation of 80%, where as large cell lung cancer only accounts for 20% out of the two types. Asbestosis is the progressive scarring of the lungs; this is due to continuous exposure to asbestos fibres. This illness may take years before it is noticed but the common signs of asbestosis also mimic those of other respiratory problems. The most common symptoms of asbestosis are breathlessness and dry coughs, but these can easily be confused with other problems. The asbestos fibres continuously irritate the lung surface causing it to scar and eventually leading to the thickening of the lung surface. Diffuse Pleural Thickening Benign Pleural Effusion Benign Pleural Plaques Rounded atelectasis or folded lung Mesothelioma (asbestosawarenesswales) 3.1.4 – Occupational exposure Electricians and construction labourers are one of the most common workers who have a higher chance of being exposed to asbestos. They are more likely to come across ACM’s as they work around the area of ACM’s, electricians work in lofts or re wire buildings where they have to disturb some of the materials. These materials may contain asbestos and therefore release fibres that can be inhaled and eventually cause disease. Construction workers when carrying out demolition on a building are at a very high risk of disturbing large amounts of asbestos fibres and therefore increase the amount they inhale. These two occupations may come across asbestos more often than any other occupations. (lhc.org) Insulation workers and Laggers who apply insulation materials can also be at high risk of asbestos exposure, this is because they have to disturb walls and sometimes have to work near the roof of the building and these are the most common areas that asbestos remains in buildings. This is because asbestos was used in the spray form to help strengthen plaster boards and cement products and if any of these are disturbed then they will release asbestos fibres. This will expose the workers to high amounts of asbestos as these areas are not well ventilated and therefore they will be breathing in more fibres. (Asbestosawarenesswales) Carpenters, Plumbers and pipe-fitters are also at risk from asbestos exposure because they have to drill through walls to carry out there duties and the drilling will agitate any asbestos fibres and therefore may cause exposure to asbestos. The asbestos disease are all caused due to the asbestos fibres causing damage to the body in one form or another, either by damaging the cells at DNA level or damaging the tissue as a whole. These fibres are very sharp when examined under a microscope. It is this sharpness that causes the damage and also the ability of the human body to remove the asbestos fibres, as the cells try to engulf the fibres to destroy them, which is a near impossible task to do they and up being damaged in return. (asbestos.net) All of the above occupations and many more are at risk from asbestos exposure and the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 makes sure than any building that is suspected to contain asbestos records it in an asbestos register and this register is shown to anyone who maybe carrying out work on the site. The regulations will be discussed in more detail during the course of this report. 4. – Remains/Assessments 4.1 – Types of building Most asbestos will be remaining in buildings that were built, refurbished or repaired between 1950 and 1980, as this was the peak period were asbestos was used in building materials in the United Kingdom. The amount that remains in buildings is very hard to determine or even estimate as it will be a very time consuming job. All the relevant data that is needed to even make an estimation cannot be found in one place. There are many estimated and approximated figures for the amount of buildings within the UK which contain ACM’s. Most of the information is based on commercial and non-domestic properties. Any buildings that were constructed before the year 2000 is assumed to contain asbestos unless there is strong evidence pointing otherwise. The reason for this is because the final ban on asbestos was bought in during the year 1999. This is also the basis of the estimation for the current status of asbestos in the UK, as the year 2000 was considered the year where all new asbestos building materials were completely banned in the UK. 4.1.1 – Commercial/Domestic While there are no dependable figures, it is approximated that there are still thousands of tonnes of asbestos remaining in buildings. As many as 750,000 non-domestic premises may contain asbestos. (rgeurope) Others governing bodies suggest that â€Å"It is estimated half a million commercial premises may contain asbestos† (amsscotland). So the estimated number of commercial buildings that may contain ACM’s is around the half million figure. This figure is estimated by adding up of all the non-domestic properties such as offices, schools, factories and hospitals that were built before the year 2000. 5. – Surveys 5.1 – How survey carried out After an extensive search three types of surveys have been identified. Type 1: Walk Through Survey The first survey that is carried out is a presumptive survey. This survey does not involve any sample taking; rather it involves identifying all areas and locations which may have asbestos containing materials (ACMs) by a visual inspection. From this survey the condition of the ACMs are noted and there locations this is for the purpose of benefiting the person that may be carrying out work on a structure or occupying it. This is because any suspected materials have to be treated as asbestos containing materials unless there is a guarantee that the materials do not contain any asbestos. This confidence can only be reassured if the materials are glass, wood or metal. It must also be made sure that these materials that do not contain asbestos are not hiding any materials that do i.e. wooden joist hiding an asbestos ceiling tile etc. (Bridgend) Type 2: Sampling Survey This survey is that same as the first survey in all aspects except that samples are collected from some suspected materials and then these samples are sent off for analysis to a lab which will most likely use a microscope to identify the fibres. The sampling can be carried out at the same time as the survey and each suspected material is sampled. Unlike the first survey which can be carried out by an in house member this survey can only be carried out by a qualified and trained professional. (Bridgend) Type 3: Pre-Demolition/Refurbishment Survey This survey is carried out to gain full access to all ACMs and it may involve destructive inspection. This is a must if a building is going to be demolished because if the ACMs are not removed then the dangerous asbestos dust can be released into the air which can cause health problems on a large scale. This also helps to identify all areas with ACMs so they can be removed before a major refurbishment and replaced with more suitable materials. Therefore this survey is deemed necessary if work is going to be carried out on a large scale, so the current condition of any ACMs is established. As above this survey should only be carried out by a trained and qualified professional. (Ac-environmental-services) 5.2 – How to take samples of suspected material Taking samples of suspected materials depends on the type of survey that is carried out. If there were materials that are suspected of containing asbestos during a type 1 walkthrough survey then no samples will need to be taken, this is because they will just be identified and there location noted. Whereas if type 2 or 3 surveys were carried out then the samples taken could be of thumbnail size or they could be larger. It should be noted that these samples will be identified as ACM’s under a microscope so there is a limit to the size that a sample can be. Samples from each suspected ACM are collected and analysed to validate or contradict the surveyors judgement. Sampling may take place with the survey or, in the case of some larger surveys, as a separate exercise following completion of a Type 1 survey. 5.3 – Procedures and Precautions taken The procedures for taking samples are that first a site survey must be carried out in the form of risk assessment. Any risk found in the assessment will form the procedure to follow when taking samples. The main and foremost part of the procedures is that anyone taking samples must make sure that any disturbance of suspected ACM’s is kept to the bare minimum. This is because it will reduce the amount of fibres that are released. The person taking the samples must take into account that the premises may be occupied and the minimal disruption is caused to the client’s daily operations. There may also be employees or tenants on site and all precaution must be taken to protect their health and safety. (HSE) The sampling personnel must also make sure that the adequate personal protection equipment is worn while carrying out this delicate procedure, as they are the ones closest to being exposed to the asbestos. They must make sure that the bare minimum that they use is disposable overalls, over shoes and a respirator. There may also be other equipment used but this depends on the risk assessments finding for example if the risk assessment found that there was asbestos that has been disturbed then air extraction may have to be used to stop the fibres spreading but if there is just suspected ACM’s then basic equipment mentioned can be used. (HSE) There are different respirators for different types of ACM’s, which ever was identified in the risk assessment. The main precaution just before taking samples is to wet the suspected ACM to make sure that the amount of fibres released is minimal. The sample area can be wetted by using basic waster or a wetting agent. Wetting can be done in different ways for different materials, for boards and sheets the water or wetting agent can be sprayed directly on to the surface, as t

Gene Therapy :: essays papers

Gene Therapy Gene therapy offers a new treatment paradigm for curing human disease. Rather than altering the disease phenotype by using agents who interact with gene products, or are themselves gene products, gene therapy can theoretically modify specific genes resulting in disease cure following a single administration. Initially gene therapy was envisioned for the treatment of genetic disorders, but is currently being studied in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, peripheral vascular disease, arthritis, neurodegenerative disorders and other acquired diseases. Even though the range of gene therapy strategies is quite diverse, certain key elements are required for a successful gene therapy strategy (i.e. cloning). The most elementary of these is that the relevant gene must be identified and cloned. Upon completion of the Human Genome Project, gene availability will be unlimited, but until then the starting point for any gene therapy strategy remains gene identification and cloning for relevant genes related to the disease. Once the gene has been identified and cloned, the next consideration must be expression. Questions pertaining to the efficiency of gene transfer and gene expression remain at the forefront of gene therapy research. Currently many debates in the field of gene therapy revolves around the transfer of desired genes to appropriate cells, and then obtaining sufficient levels of expression for disease treatment. Hopefully, future research on gene transfer and tissue-specific gene expression will resolve these issues in the majority of gene therapy protocols. Other important considerations for a gene therapy strategy include a sufficient understanding of the pathogenesis of the targeted disorder, potential side effects of the gene therapy treatment, and understanding of the target cells to receive the gene therapy. Gene transfer vector is the mechanism by which the gene is transferred into a cell. Currently there are at least 150 clinical gene therapy protocols worldwide. Since the approval process for these protocols is not as public outside the U.S., it is difficult to obtain an exact number of worldwide protocols. Of the publicized protocols, 125 are approved in the United States, 48 in Europe and at least 1 each in China and Japan. As of 31 December 1995, 1024 patients had been treated in either a gene transfer or gene therapy protocol. Much controversy exists regarding how many of these have benefited from their gene therapy, and no one has yet been cured. Public controversy in the field of human gene therapy is driven by several factors. Ordinary citizens as well as scientists easily understand the enormous potential of gene therapy, but the former may not appreciate all the pitfalls and uncertainly that lies in the immediate future. The financial interests of biotechnology firms and,

Euglena Research Paper

The effect of fertilized water on growth of Euglena Water is a good habitat for many organisms. The pureness of water has strong effect on aquatic organism (Walter, 2008). The altering of water condition could favor for the growth of one certain organism, but less favor for other organisms that leads to the competing out other organism by abundance of favor one . So, the result goes to decreasing of water biodiversity. Water ecology, which studies on the interaction between of biotic and abiotic factors to the growth of organism in water, is too important in order to keep the ecosystem balance.In our study, we focused on how the fertilize (nitro, phosphorus) effects on the populations of water organisms. Euglena is the mixotrophic which could synthesis energy from photosynthesis, but also could consume the food to make energy (Robert. et al, 2012). From the trophic characteristic of Euglena, my hypothesis for this study was the population of Euglena would increase in the rich fertili ze environment. The rationale for my hypothesis was Euglena could consume the food to have energy, so the rich fertilize environment was a good source for growth and reproduction of Euglena, that’s why their population would increase by time.The water from American river was collected for our sample. We set up three different ecosystems for organisms in three different jars: control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment. First river water was added to the jar, then organisms was added and the different amount of fertilize was put last to appropriate jar. We were helped to identify each organism under microscope. Before adding organism to ecosystems, counting sample had been done. The sampling was done every week through 3 weeks.After 3 weeks, the number of organisms of Euglena and other heterotrophic in each ecosystem was used to plot graphs and analysis. The population of Euglena in control condition increased in first two weeks, and then it decreased. In the low and high fertilize condition; the population of Euglena was very low and at the constant after 3 weeks. (Figure 1) My hypothesis was not supported from result. Euglena population in the high fertilize jar didn’t increase as we predicted. In contrast, the population of Euglena in the control jar increased. From our observed, there were abundant of green algae in the fertilized jar.This observing was matched with the statement that the high amount of nitro and phosphor could lead to the boom of green alga, and the high production of green algae could compete out other organism in the water (N, 1999). Green alga covered on the surface of the jar that inhibited the photosynthesis of Euglena. Then other question was asked, Euglena could consume the food to make energy, but why their population didn’t increase in the rich nutrient environment. Other hypothesis was stated by us: in the higher fertilize condition; the population of other heterotrophic would increase.The rationale was other heterotrophic could use the food source more effective than Euglena. Euglena didn’t have enough time to convert from photoautotroph to heterotrophic mode, so they could not use the food source to growth (Hall, 1939). The second hypothesis was supported when the population of other heterotrophic first increased in fertilized water, and then by time, after food was used up, the population started to decrease (figure 2). From our results, we could conclude that fertilize which is defined as a good source for plant but could polluted the water (2008) effects on the growth of other organism.It could make the imbalance ecosystem because of the abundance of one specie and extinct of other species. So, keeping water clean is very important task to be concerned. Figure 1: The populations of Euglena in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks. Figure 1: The populations of Euglena in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks. Figure 2: The populations of other heterotroph in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks Figure 2: The populations of other heterotroph in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeksLiterature Cited: Dodds. K. W (2008). Fresh water ecology: concept and environmental application of limnology (2nd ed. ) San Francisco: Elsevier. Hall, R. P. , & Schoenborn, H. W. (1939). The question of autotrophic nutrition in Euglena gracilis. Physiol Zool, 12(1), 76-84. Sanders, R. , & Gast, R. (2012). Bacterivory by phototrophic picoplankton and nanoplankton in arctic waters. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 82(2), 242-253. Sharply. A. N,Daniel. T &Sim. T (1999). Agriculture phosphorus and eutrophication. Washington: United Department of Agricultural.

Physics Lab Report Centripetal Force Essays

Physics Lab Report Centripetal Force Essays Physics Lab Report Centripetal Force Paper Physics Lab Report Centripetal Force Paper Sketching of the set-up Theory Centripetal force F is the net force causing the centripetal acceleration of an object performing uniform circular motion. Its magnitude is given by the equation: = Mrs.. When an object is whirled in horizontal circular motion in mid-air with a piece of string (as shown in figure 1 above), the centripetal force on the object is provided by the horizontal component of tension in the string: 2 =>2 (since r = L) Procedure 1 A triple beam balance is used to find the mass of the rubber bung, the screw nuts and the wire hook respectively. The total weight of the screw nuts and the wire hook provided the tension T in the nylon thread. 2 The centripetal force apparatus is set up (Figure 2). The paper marker is used to set the length L of the nylon string between the rubber bung and the glass tube to 0. 2 m. 3 Hold the glass tube vertically and whirl the rubber bung around in a horizontal circle. Increase the speed of the rubber bung gradually until the paper marker is just below the lower end of the glass tube (Figure 3). 4 The time of 50 revolutions of the rubber bung is measured and record the exults. Calculate the angular velocity w of the rubber bung and the tension T in the nylon string. 5 The steps 1, 2 and 3 is repeated for several times with different lengths L (0. Mm, 0. Mm and 0. Mm) of the nylon string. The results are recorded and the mean tension T in the nylon string is calculated. 6 Compare the mean tension (2) found in circular motion and the weight of screw nuts and wire hook (MGM). Explain their difference (if any) briefly. It the two values are close to each other, it could be concluded that the equation for centripetal force is verified. We have, By y = mix + c, slope of the graph plotted The experimental value of Tension = 41. 5 x 0. 0155 = 0. 644 N, where the theoretical value of Tension = 0. 653 N It is noted that the experimental value of is slightly lower than the theoretical one due to the several sources of error made in the experiment. Percentage error = (0. 653 x Sources of error: 1 . There is friction existing between the string and the glass tube, and there is air resistance. Thus, the motion of the circulation may be affected and the measurement of angular velocity might not be accurate. Secondly, constant speed or constant angular velocity of the rubber bung may not be maintained during the whirling. Thus, the measurement of angular velocity might not be accurate. 3. The radius of the circular motion and thus the length of nylon string L cannot be kept constant throughout the circular motion because there may be a variance of the force applied to keep the paper marker on the level of glass tube. Thus, t he string and paper marker may move up and down and the accuracy of the tension T may be affected. 4. The stopwatch is controlled by human hands. Thus, the reaction time of human brain (around 0. As) may lead to inaccuracy and affect the measurement of time taken and hence the accuracy of angular velocity is affected. 5. There may be miscounting in the number of circulations, because the time for 50 revolutions is quite long and students may be distracted. The accuracy of the experimental results can be improved by the following suggestions: 1. The experiment was carried out with the range of L 0. Mm, 0. Mm, 0. Mm, 0. Mm. Further experiments can be carried out beyond this range to increase the accuracy.

Biography of Henrietta Muir Edwards

Biography of Henrietta Muir Edwards A legal expert, Henrietta Muir Edwards spent her long life advocating for the rights of women and children in Canada. Her accomplishments included opening, with her sister Amelia, the Working Girls Association, a forerunner of the YWCA. She helped found the National Council of Women of Canada and the Victorian Order of Nurses. She also published the first magazine for working women in Canada. She was 80 in 1929 when she and the other Famous Five women finally won the Persons Case which recognized the legal status of women as persons under the BNA Act, a milestone legal victory for Canadian women. Birth Dec. 18, 1849, in Montreal, Quebec Death Nov. 10, 1931, in Fort Macleod, Alberta Causes of Henrietta Muir Edwards Henrietta Muir Edwards supported many causes, especially those involving the legal and political rights of women in Canada. Some of the causes she promoted were temperanceraising the age of consentequal grounds for divorceequal parental rightsmothers allowancesreform of the prison system in Canada. The career of Henrietta Muir Edwards: In Montreal Henrietta Muir, with her sister Amelia, founded the Working Girls Association, a forerunner of the YWCA in 1875.She launched and edited Womens Work in Canada, the first Canadian magazine for working women.In 1883, Henrietta Muir Edwards moved with her husband and three children to Saskatchewan.She was involved with the Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) from 1886.With Lady Aberdeen, the wife of the Governor General of Canada, Henrietta Muir Edwards started the National Council of Women in 1893. Henrietta Muir Edwards worked with the organization for more than 30 years.Again with Lady Aberdeen, Henrietta Muir Edwards helped found the Victorian Order of Nurses in 1897.Henrietta Muir Edwards and her family moved to Alberta in 1903.In 1908, Henrietta Muir Edwards compiled a summary of Canadian federal and provincial laws relating to women and children.She wrote handbooks on women and Canadian law - Legal Status of Women in Canada in 1917 and Legal Status of Women in Alb erta in 1921. Henrietta Muir Edwards was one of the Famous Five in the Persons Case which established the status of women as persons under the BNA Act in 1929. See Also: Emily MurphyNellie McClungLouise McKinneyIrene Parlby

Lab #8 and Lab #11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lab #8 and Lab #11 - Assignment Example Instead of reading the consent forms themselves, which they expressed disinterest in, I read the contents of the forms. One of the participants asked why the informed consent forms needed to be signed, and I explained that it was protocol since it was a complicated study. Next, the participants were given the list of 30 words. They were dealt out upside down, and the participants were advised not to turn them over until they were given a signal. They were given two minutes to study the words, which equates to about four seconds per word. They were informed that they could employ any study method they chose and were informed that, when it came time to recall the words, they could recall them in any order that they chose. Then, as the participants began the study, music was turned on for Conditions 1 and 2. The following were the conditions used: They were then told to stop after two minutes and completed Conditions 1 and 2 without music. After that was completed, participants were given a two-minute distracter task completing addition and subtraction problems on another piece of paper. Then, they were given a clean sheet of paper and asked to write down the words they recalled from the 30-word list. During the recall phase, in Conditions 1 and 3, the music was turned on. Then, they were asked to recall. The same music was played for the experiment and during the recall phase. I, the undersigned, do hereby consent and agree that _________________________________, its employees, or agents have the right to share my answers to the interview process with others beginning on _________________________________ and ending on _________________________________ and to use these in any and all information, now or hereafter known, and exclusively for the purpose of _________________________________. I further consent that my name and identity may be revealed therein or