Economics The Russian Experience Essay Example for Free

Economics The Russian Experience EssayThe economy of the Soviet Union was based on a frame of state ownership and administrative planning which meant that the state was the single last organ in economic matters. The economic harvest-home was guided by what was and so callight-emitting diode Five Year Plans crafted by the national decision makers appointed by the state. This approach do it easy for the resources to be harnessed to achieve set objectives. The economic set up concentrated more in building capital goods, machine manufacture and the chemical industry. The economic setup was top down manikin that offered little option for feedback to move to the decision makers. This made it hard for the decision makers to assess the effects of their decisions with a view to eliminate destructive ones. It in that locationfore made it hard for the decision makers to abandon earlier decisions that failed to work or that produced negative results. (http//www. answers. com/toic/his tory-d-the-soviet-union-1985-1991). The economic setup, differentwise called communism, often resulted into the problem of over or under labor of goods.The system paid little attention to the production of consumer goods and this led to black markets thriving. This black market had a counter effect on the economic agendum of the planners. The system was also very bureaucratic delaying issues that required urgent decisions. This scenario led to a back logging of decisions, which overwhelmed the decision makers with time. Middle level managers began to agitate for license to deal with customers and suppliers directly for them to more effectively respond to the economic laws of demand and supply.This agitation built up to eventually break the Soviet Union because the decision makers and the political leaders of the time failed to respond to these demands responsibly. (http//www. answers. com/toic/history-d-the-soviet-union-1985-1991). The economic setup of the Soviet Union had made some big gains, which enabled them to become industrialized faster than other economic fronts. Failure to respond to arising issues was what contri excepted to its downfall. Strong institutions had already been setup such as the agricultural sector, foreign trade as well as the financial sector.All capital goods were collectively owned with little exceptions. Individual property ownership was minimal. The ownership controversy also contributed to the Soviet Union breakup. Since then Russia has had to permit intensive reform program to enable them to respond to the largely capitalistic world economy (Moszczynska, undated) A key sector that is the focus of the reform play is the financial sector. The Russian economy is reliant on oil and the fluctuations of prices affect the economy adversely.To alleviate such adverse effects, the financial sector needs reforms because it offers ironed transition into the envisioned economic setup. A challenge facing Russia and other countries as they transit from command economy to the free market economy is mental unsoundness created by foreign trade. These countries have begun to import goods that were in short supply but on the other hand exports have began to decline. This slows down the recovery subroutine since exports spurred growth previously. When the exports are more than the imports, a country is performing well economically and this is reverse for these former Soviets.Consumption growth had for a time led to an increment is real wages but productivity growth has stagnated those gains. This again is due to the heavy reliance on the oil industry for economic growth (Barnard, 2000). In addition, there is little investment outside the oil and metal industries. This means that as much as the motive is to create wealth for the citizenly, there cannot be much success if no considerable investment is made. In fact investments in other areas has been declining over time.The investment climate in Russia is unsounded ho stile which slows down the ability of the reform lick to spur growth. The economic system only favor large business establishments leaving small and median(a) sized enterprises struggling. The governments authorization requirements are stringent while corruption has been rife. This has led to more resources being allocated to large firms. With the medium sized enterprises grounded, no much growth can be achieved. The banking system is also inefficient since it only lends to the large establishments.The reform of the banking sector has largely depended upon political climate but a legal framework is needed to effectively reform this sector. A better framework to regulate the banking industry has to be put in congeal (Kahan, 2001). The reform process of the Russian and other former Soviet countries are on the right track. There are enough challenges in the implementation process of the proposals but they are gaining ground. Under performing areas have shown indications of growth. T he recovery process, though, calls for political will among the leaders to drive the process.No much progress would be cognise if political will is lacking. The effects of the Cold War need to be eliminated from the fore. The Russian economy has great potential and if the strategies respond appropriately to upcoming issues, the Russian economy would perform better. The Russian economy performance had put Russia ahead of other countries. It was not entity based on wrong principles. The major problem was the bureaucratic system that had been set that made it difficult to respond to rising issues. If the economy is to acquire the envisioned status it once had, it has to respond to arising issues.

Favourite Brand Paper Essay Example for Free

Favourite Brand Paper EssayThe brand that I identify with is tide laundry detergent. I love tide laundry detergent because there are 5 people in my house and a lot of laundry being done with scend I am able to use less detergent for a large amount of cloths. It keeps the colour of the cloths bright and even if you draw been utilize cheap detergent when cloths are washed with tide the colors bright. zoom also gets herculean to remove stains turn up of cloths without having to pretreat the sting and soak cloths for a long period of times. I can also save money by using soar because when using a less effective brand I have to pour more than the required amount to wash and the cloths deteriorate faster. When cloths deteriorate and look dull I have to spend more money to purchase cloths in a shorter amount of time. I do believe Tide Company has built a successful relationship with loyal customers because even during the niche Tide created a cheaper detergent called Tide Basic in order to accommodate its loyal customers during these hard times. The company has created a Tide detergent that can be used with cold water which saves on the energy bill.Loyal Tide customer has a lot of variety to choose from which helps maintain the relationship with the brand. This brand is focused on groups of all ages because it is efficient and has been around since 1946. The Tide brand for the younger genesis helps them remember home and for the older generation it is familiar and a brand they can trust. Tide has a variety of detergent product such as tide pods eliminate odor and are pre-measured, Tide ultra-stain release removes 99 percent of stains, Tide to go instant stain remover to go its a pen that is small and can be carried around if you get a small stain on your cloths, Tide boost duo packs it has stain removing strength without any dyes or scent, Tide total care for high efficiency washers, Tide ultra clean plus downy gives same clean tactile property and sof t cloths, Tide cold water great cleaning and save money no hot or even warm water needed, Tide alternative bleach wash whites without the need of using bleach, Tide Free provide gentle on skin, Tide febreze for individuals who play sports, all of these also puzzle in powder form for those who do not like liquid detergent.This is another reason Tide caters to allage groups there is something for everyone. The two adversary brands Whisk and Kirkland Signature Ultra. These two detergents are numbers 2 and 3 on the list of competitor detergents which was done by ABC password. I have tried both of these brands. In my opinion these brands are good but the stain fighting power is not as effective as tide. When using tide on my chef uniform which has food and oils from cooking kitchen smell was gone. I used both brands to wash my nephews chef uniforms and they were not as effective at removing dirt, wan and most of all the smell of food. Tide has also been featured in good housekeeping m agazine.It was also named one of the must steal products because in new-fangled years there has been a surge of theft with tide detergent. In conclusion Tide laundry detergent is a brand that has been around for decades. It maintains and brightens colors. Tide also has over 15 varieties from one that can be used on sensitive skin to cold water Tide that helps save money. Tide is a trusted brand and caters to their customers needs. They also have helped maintain the relationship by offering a lower priced detergent when the recession affected all individuals around the world. Tide does have some competition but it does not have all the varieties or report that Tide has with their customers.Referenceshttp//nymag.com/news/features/tide-detergent-drugs-2013-1/index2.html /www.nytim http/es.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/14/why-would-drug-dealers-use-tide-as-a-currency/tide-is-the-must-steal-product-of-the-season http//www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-reviews/home-products/laundry-detergents /best-laundry-detergentslid

Classical Theory of International Trade

Classical Theory of International TradeThe purpose of this chapter is to review the existing frame of knowledge about contrary call for enthronization funds and the studies on st locategies adopted to attract FDI. It attempts to display a summary of the relevant theories, hypotheses and schools of thought that contri furthere to the appreciation and fundamental motivation of FDI flows. An exploration of these theories forget give ear in the study and it will support arguments to be used in empirical estimation and discussion. to boot the aim of this chapter is to review the theoretical approaches to the determinants of FDI, excessively known as private foreign enthronisation.Various theories contribute been developed since the World War II to apologise FDI. These theories state that a number of determinants both at micro and macro level could explain FDI flows in a picky commonwealth or a particular region. Various studies allow also been published on the assessment of the key determinants of FDI. However, in that respect is no general agreement insofar, especially that in incompatible context, special divisors whitethorn vary signifi do-nothingtly in their degree of importance as regards to FDI.2.2 Definition of FDIForeign direct investment (FDI) is a category of investment that reflects the objective of establishing a lasting raise group by a occupant opening move in one economy (direct investor) in an enterprise (direct investment enterprise) that is resident in an economy other than that of the direct investor. The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term kindred between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. The direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting military unit of an enterprise resident in one economy by an investor resident in another economy is evidence of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a relationship (OE CD, form 2008 Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 4th Edition). The Benchmark Definition is fully compatible with the beneathlying concepts and definitions of the International Monetary Funds (IMF) eternal rest of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual, 6th edition (BPM6) and the general sparing concepts set out by the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA).In accordance with the makeup for Economic Co-operation and Developments (OECD) Benchmark Definition, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is said to be an investment which entails a long duration equation and is an indication of sustained interest and authority by a hosted unbendable in an economy (foreign direct investor or origin firm) in a firm hosted in a country other than that of the foreign direct investor (FDI firm or associated firm of foreign affiliate). FDI entails both the initial dealing between devil enterprises and all following silver dealing between them and amid the associated firm, both integrated and non-integrated (OECD, 2008).The concept of FDI took prominence in 1962 following the publication of an article- Development Alternatives in an Open Economy by Hollis Chenery and Michael Bruno wherein a two-gap analysis of capital requirements was formulated. They pointed out that foreign investment apart from foreign aid and foreign backing was important to fill the resource gap need to finance sparing development especially for countries where their imports exceed their exports. FDI stimulates larger flows of private capital for the development of the recipient countries. Increase in FDI is not enough. It must find out that the said increase is meeting the development objectives of the recipient countries. FDI must go beyond private while g overnment must ensure that risks ar not too last or the return on investment is not too low. Being given that private capital offers some special payoffs over public capital, in that location must be a mutual interest for both private foreign investors and the host country. The latter will generate to assist in securing information on investment opportunities and establish economic overhead facilities such as industrial estates, protective tariffs, exemption from import duties and tax concessions schemes.2.3 Theories of FDI over the past few decades, extensive research get under ones skin been conducted on the behaviour of multinational firms and determinants of FDI and many authors have put forward various theories (and complementary) to explain them. Theories and contexts that ar being developed are challenging established facts, systems and knowledge bases. Though many theories have been developed to explain various dimensions of FDI, the current chapter will elbow grease to examine the following paradigms considering the scope of the present study namely the classical international trading theory, the neoclassical location theory, the grocery imperfection theory, the OLI paradigm and Porters adamant theory. Broadly speaking the theories could be classified as international trade theories dealing with comparative payoff for nations to go for trade and foreign direct investment theories relating to corporate advantage for foreign corporationsentering the host countries.2.3.1 Classical Theories of International TradeThe concept of FDI cannot be disassociated with the basis of wherefore countries trade and the latter has been pioneered by the famous classicists namely Adam Smith (1776) with his Absolute Advantage theory and David Ricardo (1819) with his Comparative Advantage theory of trade. Adam Smith, the launcher of economic theory, was the first to lead up in Wealth of Nations that business would grow internationally for real economic growth.Both Smith and Ricardo concluded that countries would benefit from international trade if they have an rank(a) and comparative advantage in those products that they would be exporting and they should i mport those goods for which they have an absolute and comparative disadvantage. Consequently they were of the opinion that there should be complete speciality by the countries involved in international trade based on the same principle as that of division of ride. They based their reasoning on the mash theory of value. The labour theory of value states that the value or price of a goodness is equal to or can be inferred from the amount of labour time going into the production of the goods. It, however, assumes that labour is the only instrument of production and that it is also homogeneous. Because of these restrictive assumptions, the labour theory of value was con time-tested and replaced by the fortune cost advantage propounded by G.Haberler in 1936. The latter emphasised more on how a country has a comparative advantage rather than on what are the determinants of comparative advantage. It says that the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be gi ven up in score to release just enough factors of production or resources to be able to produce one additional unit of the firstcommodity. Consequently labour will not be the only factor of production and will not be homogeneous.2.3.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) TheoryThe HO theory also known as factor endowment personate was put forward by Heckscher (1919) and Ohlin (1933) and was among the modern theories of international trade showing the causes of international trade. Adam Smith and David Ricardo remained silent on the causes of trade and on how trade dissembles factor prices and the distribution of income in each of the trading nations. The HO theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodity intensive in itscomparatively abundant and twopenny factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factors of production. It implies that a country must have the needful resources to export goods. about of the assumptions of the model again act as its own limitations on its sumiveness namely when it comes to free trade with no move costs, tastes are similar across countries, perfect competition in factor and commodity markets, factors immobility internationally, use of same technology in the production of the two goods andtwo factors of production and two countries model (2x2x2 model). There has been extensions to the HO model namely through the Stolper-Samuelson model (1949) and Rybczynski theorem (1955). These theorems postulate that trade leads to the equalisation of relative and absolute factor prices between nations so that there will be internationalisation of prices and wages based on still the restrictive assumptions as those under the HO model.As Faeth (2009) and Seetanah and Rojid (2011) highlight, the first explanations of FDI were based on the models propounded by Heckscher-Ohlin (1933), according to which FDI was motivated by higher profitability in foreign markets with the possibility to finance these investments at relatively low rates of interest in the host country. Ohlin also observed that availability and securing sources of raw materials, flexible and business friendly trade policies as substantially as accessibility and availability of factors of production were the components influencing FDI inflows into the country.2.3.3 Modern International Trade TheoriesThere have been empirical tests concerning the traditional trade theories namely the Ricardian and HO models. Some tests have gone according to the theories while others have disproved them. For instance Sir Donald MacDougall in 1951 tested the Ricardian theory employ the 1937 data for the USA and UK for 25 pains groups whereby it was found that US wages were twice as those for UK go forthing in the USA being capital intensive while UK being labour intensive. However, according to Dougall there is uncompleted specialisation as opposed to complete specialisation proposed in the Ricardian model. This is based on the fact that tastes are different, products are non-homogeneous, transport costs matter and industry groups are highly aggregated where we can have different model for a particular products like cars and cigarettes. The USA may have comparative advantage in cars but this does not prevent the UK from exporting one or two different models.Sir Donald MacDougall has also in 1960 talked about the benefits and costs associated with private investment from abroad. He pointed out that an increase in FDI will lead to an increase in real income based on the fact that value added to output by foreign capital is giganticer than the amount appropriated by the foreign investor as foreign capital raises overall productivity in the host country. With FDI, social returns are far greater than private returns based, inter alia, on thefollowing(a) Domestic labour having a higher real wages(b) Consumers having better choice with reject prices(c) Host Government getting higher tax revenue(d) Realisation of external economies of scale(e) An alternative to labour migration from the poor country(f) Increase in managerial ability and technical personnel(g) Transfer of technology and innovation in products and(h) Serving as a stimulus for additional house servant investment.However, Sir Dougall also warned that there is need for the host country to have the right additional public expenditure as foreign investors are likely to be slight interested in receiving an exemption after a profit is made than in being sure of a profit in the first instance.Wassily Leontief tested the HO theory in 1951 and 1956 and found that the USA imports competing were about 30% more capital intensive than its exports. Since the USA was the most capital abundant nation, this result was the opposite of what the HO theory predicted and this became known as the Leontief paradox. Although subsequently the Leontief paradox was partly resolved in the 1980s, it led to the spring ball of modern theories of trade nam ely Linders thesis (Similar Preference Model or Spillover Theory), Posners Model (Technological Gap Model or Innovation -Imitation Model) in 1961 and the Product Cycle theory of Vernon in 1966. The HO model is inappropriate in explaining trade between countries with the same level of development while with the Spillover theory especially concerning manufactured goods, industrialised countries which have similar factor abundant can trade together. The Linders thesis rests on the belief that a country will export a particular commodity if it has a domestic market for the goods. In fact, domestic market is exploited first. If there are economies of scale in the domestic market, there will be a cost advantage to make export possible. Goods will be exported to countries with similar tastes and similar level of development so that trade will grapple place with countries of similar living standards.The technological gap theory is typical for the industrialised countries. It states that ne w products are likely to emerge in the market as a result of innovation. At first production is made for the domestic market. Then firms which bring forth these products have economic rent so that they have strong monopoly position. This makes it easier to tap international market. But this product in question is replicated overseas after some time period. Therefore, there is a shift in comparative advantage. So, we can say that there is an innovation-imitation process. We talk of technological gap because there is a gap between the country which invent the product and those which imitate them.The product life hertz model is an extension of the technological gap model. It states that any product moves through different stages or cycles and comparative advantage keeps shifting during these stages. There are four stages namely storey I New product for domestic market onlyStage II If product is prospered, there is overseas demand so that exportation will be possibleStage III Export s decline because overseas firms produce the goods due to innovation-imitation theoryStage IV Because of comparative advantage, the second country export the product to the first country, that is, the latter will start importing the goods which only a few old age back was exporting it.Vernon (1966) explained that FDI will occur when the product enters its mature stage in the product life cycle hypothesis. Vernon (1979) re-examined his own theory and came to the conclusion that the cycle has shortened considerably whereby multinational companies are now more geographically diffused.2.3.4 Market Imperfections TheoriesThe suggestion that FDI is a product of market imperfection was first discussed by Hymer (1976). He also confirms that investment abroad involves high costs and risks inherent to the drawbacks faced by multinationals because they are foreign. The model was later extended by Caves (1971) and Buckley and Casson (1976) into the internationalisation theory. Hymer shifted the theory of FDI out of the neoclassical international trade theories and into industrial organization (the study of market imperfections). He also argued that there are two factors motive FDI, namely (i) the attempt to reduce and/or remove international competition among firms and (ii) the desire of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) to increase their returns from the utilization of their special advantages.Foreign firms face disadvantages compared to domestic firms, mainly due to the extra costs of doing business in an alien territory and given the information on cost disadvantages, a foreign firm will engage in FDI activity only if it enjoys offsetting advantages such as superior/newer technology, better products or simply firm-level economies of scale.Buckley and Casson (1976) talked about the internalization theory of foreign direct investment. An important pre-requisite for internalisation whether being executed vertically or horizontally, is the existence of an imperfect market . They stated that there are two ways in which a firm can internalise namely by replacing a contractual relationship with unified ownership and secondly by internalising an advantage such as production knowledge through the establishment of a market where there is initially an absent of the said market.Together with the internalisation theory, there is the transaction cost theory put forward by Williamson (1975). He investigated whether a firms transactions are predominateed by hierarchy or the market. He identify three dimensions to this problem, namely (i) the frequency with which a transaction occurs (ii) asset specificity and (iii) uncertainty in the bearing of uncertainty and also as uncertainty increases, it is better to govern through a hierarchy rather than through the market and vice versa. Caves (1982) also developed the rationale for horizontal integration (specialised intangible assets with low borderline costs of expansion) and vertical integration (reduction of unce rtainty and building of barriers to entry).2.3.5 The OLI ParadigmJohn Dunning (1988) in his Explaining International Production proposed an eclectic paradigm also known as the ownership-location-internalisation (OLI) paradigm. The OLI paradigm argued that FDI activity is determined by a composite of three sets of forces namelyForeign firms enjoying ownership advantages in the form of better technology, product quality, or simply brand name, and other organizational knowledge that are not available to local firms. In other words, it refers to the competitive advantages which firms of one country consume over firms of another country in supplying a particular market or set of markets through product differentiation. These advantages may accrue either from the firms privileged ownership of assets or from their ability to co-ordinate these assets (common management strategy with a global scanning capacity) with other assets across national boundaries in a way that benefits them relati ve to their competitorsForeign firms can benefit from location advantages. This will make FDI activity more profitable than exporting. Examples can be availability of cheap labour or other factors of production market size, lower transportation cost, and trade barriers. This refers to the finis to which firms choose to locate value-adding activities outside their national jurisdictionsForeign firms may seek internalisation advantages which arise when ownership advantages are best exploited internally rather than when offered to other firms through contractual arrangements, i.e. franchising, management contract and so forth In other words, we here refer to the extent to which firms perceive it to be in their best interests to internalise foreign markets for the generation and/or use of their assets with a view to add value to them and reduce the high information costs.The significance of the eclectic paradigm, however, varies across industries, countries and firms. Another problem w ith the eclectic paradigm is that each of the Ownership, hole and Internalisation variables tends to be interdependent. For instance, a firms response to the independent locational variables may influence its ownership advantages and also its willingness to internalise markets. This is well known as the problem of multicollinearity among exogenous variables which can reduce the empirical validity of the model.2.3.6 Porters Diamond TheoryPorters Diamond Theory (1990) emphasises global patterns of FDI based on different country characteristics. He explained why certain countries tend to become leaders in some activities by using examples of sophisticated industries. According to him, firms that have successfully globalised their production activities have do so because of their ability to carry their home-based advantages in foreign market.Taking from the shape of a diamond, Porter (1990) maps out that there are four endogenous variables that would affect the decision of the multin ational firms to compete internationally. These factors areFactor conditions the countrys position in terms of factors of production such as infrastructure and skilled labour necessary to compete in a given industryDemand conditions the nature of home demand for the industrys product or serviceRelated and supporting industries the presence or absence in the country of supplier industries and related industries that is internationally competitive andFirm strategy, structure and rivalry the conditions in the country governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry.The role of government and chance are interpreted as exogenous variables in the model which can influence to a great extent any of the four endogenous variables. Government policy can either impede or help a firms progress and innovation. Chance events can come in the form of technological advancements that create a national competitive advantage for a firm. Porter (1990) s tated that different dynamics may exist between the endogenous and exogenous variables, depending on what drives FDI flows namely factor-driven, innovation-driven and wealthdriven. The factor-driven and innovation-driven can be associated with continuous improvement of a countrys competitive advantages that contribute to the development of an economy. On the other hand, the wealth-driven cause can be associated with stagnation and continuous decline that perpetuate a countrys declining economy. The components identified by Porter (1990) are to some extent similar to the host-country characteristics that Dunning (1988) outlined in his OLI paradigm.2.4 Determinants of FDIs Empirical SurveyThere has been an extensive body of empirical studies trying to explain why some countries were more successful than others in attracting FDI (Moosa Cardak 2003). This plethora of empirical studies have tested and explored the effect of a range of macroeconomic determinants including GDP, GDP growt h rate, real GDP per capita, exchange rate policy, openness of the economy, financial stability and physical infrastructure among others. There have also been studies dealing with the impact of socio-political factors such as political stability, education, corruption, political immunity etc., on FDI flows (Dar et al., 2004).The empirical investigation in this paper focuses more on the macroeconomic determinants (pull factors) that will influence the FDI flows in the host country in particular Mauritius by using a time series analysis. Although there have been diverse methodologies used for the determinants of FDIs, it has also been controversial (especially when it comes to the causality effect between FDI and economic growth) so that it is difficult to have a simple model or any strong theoretical foundation to guide an empirical analysis on these issues. Kok, R and Ersoy B A in 2009 have stated that A large number of studies have been conducted to identify the determinants of F DI but no consensus has emerged, in the wiz that there is no widely accepted set of explanatory variables that can be regarded as true determinants of FDI. While some parameters are comprehensively discussed and of high relevance, it remains unclear how these interact. However, the results of past studies be it panel data or time series analysis for a specific category of countries or regions have been employed as an imperfect but useful guide.Given the vast amount of empirical literature on the determinants of FDI especially during the last few decades, the present section will elaborate on those studies which take on board Mauritius be it as small island economies or as a regional economic community namely SADC, Sub-Saharan African countries. Also those studies will be taken on board where time series analysis have been undertaken for specific countries using almost the same key determinants for FDI as those being proposed in the model of this paper.Wint and Williams (2002), Thom as et al (2005) and Wijeweera and Mounter (2008) have been using economic factors such as the target countrys market size, income level, market growth rate, inflation rates, interest rate and current account positions to explain the determinants of FDI. They found that a positive interest rate differential assist in attracting FDI inflows as MNCs get the incentive to invest in foreign countries with positive interest rate differential forbid the fact that there is no major fluctuation in the exchange rate. In the same vein, Cleeve(2008) using a multivariate regression model for 16 Sub Saharan Countries and trying to capture economic stability through the proxy (nominal exchange rate adjusted deflator), has shown that this variable is statistically effective.Rogoff and Reinhart (2002) and Wint and Williams (2002) show that a stable country attracts more FDI implying that a low inflation environment is desirable to promote capital inflows. Ali and Guo (2005) and Choudhury and Mavrota s (2006) have indicated that there is a strong relationship between the money growth acting as a proxy for financial stability in the host country and its effects in attracting FDI. Asiedu (2006) using a panel data for 22 Sub Saharan African countries has also shown that inflation rate depicts a negatively and statistically significant effect. However, under Mhlanga et al (2010) multivariate regression model for 14 SADC countries (Southern African Development Community), the inflation rate independent variable does not have any effect as it is statistically insignificant.In terms of the importance of capturing human capital development, both Asiedu (2006) and Cleeve (2008) made use of the percentage of adult literacy and vicarious school education business leader respectively. Both indicators have proved to be not only positive (that is higher stock of human capital will increase FDI) but also statistically significant.According to Helleiner (1998), investment incentives by host c ountry such as tax holiday appear to play a throttle role to attract the MNCs as those incentives are believed to compensate for other comparative disadvantages. On the contrary, it is generally believed that removing restrictions and providing good operating conditions will positively affect FDI inflows. This has been beef up through Cleeve (2008) whereby he found that proxies like temporary tax incentives, tax concessions and profit repatriation when used to capture financial and economicincentives are statistically insignificant.It goes without formulation that in order to attract FDI, economic liberalization is important both internally and externally. This has been translated in several empirical studies even for SADC countries and Sub Saharan African countries from Cleeve (2008) and Mhlanga et al (2010). The famous proxy used for openness of the economy, remains the total value of exports plus imports divided by the level of national income (GDP) although Asiedu (2006) uses an openness index from the International Country Risk Guide which also proved to be positive and statistically significant.In 2008, D.Ramjee Singh, Hilton McDavid, A.Birch and Allan Wright used a linear cross-sectional model of 29 small developing countries having a population of less than 5 million to test for the statistical significance of the determinants of FDI. They found that several of the traditional variables such as infrastructure, economic growth and openness to trade do promote the flow of FDI to small developing nation states. The focus of tourism has also been highlighted in the study. Contrary to expectation the role of market size as a determinant was found to be insignificant basically as the sample taken being small economies. With regard to infrastructure per se, Asiedu (2006) and Mhlanga et al (2010) have pointed out that the proxies (number of phone lines per 1,000 inhabitants and number of landline and mobile subscribers per 1,000 inhabitants) did matter for t he 22 Sub Saharan African countries and 14 SADC countries respectively.There has been previous research done with regards to the determinants of FDI inMauritius (Seetanah B and Rojid S 2011) applying a reduced-form specification for a demand for inward direct investment function using dynamic framework and a differenced vector autoregressive model using data from 1990 to 2007. The variables used were size of the country, wage rate, trade/GDP, the secondary education enrolment rate and tax rate. The findings revealed that the most instrumental factors appear to be trade openness, wages and quality of labour in the country. Size of market is reported to have relatively lesser impact on FDI.The present research would use more independent variables in view of capturing a upper limit variation of the model and also using data from year 1976 to 2011 which would enable the capturing of the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. There were also important policy decisions taken in the period post 2006 and the present model would try to capture the effect of those important policies. New explanatory variables would supplement the existing literature on the determinants of FDI in Mauritius and trying to use those independent variables would capture the maximum variation in the FDI inflows.

Factors that influence the demand for mobile phones

Factors that influence the hold for runny phonesIn the current competitive rescue, any entities from non gather to multinational organizations that be considered as cash cow argon in high demand for economic knowledge to survive. Economic system is the system by which the saving is organized. In this paper we argon going to discuss somewhat different types of economic systems, their variety, advantages and disadvantages.Function of price in market economyA market economy or free market economy is an economy in which the allocation for resources is get backd only by their supply and the demand for them (J.Stanely Johnson, foundation to economic analysis P1-1).In Market economy The price of goods plays a crucial role in determining an efficient distribution of resources .Price acts as a charge for shortages and surpluses which help firms respond to changing market conditions. In a market economy Price is determined by demand and supply, for subject when there is a low pri ce for a good it means the demand is low. However in market economy price for abundant goods never gets high to a critical point due to the fact of consumer sovereignty environment which consumers are the rulers for suppliers.Figure 01( expect chart). Describes the demand relationship with sum and PriceSource http//bit.ly/1LhnYpAs it is find in figure 01 P1and Q1 interception determines a good with high demand and low quantity so the price is at the highest peak. In opposite side of the Demand law there is supply law.Figure 02(supplys chart) describes the supply relation with price and quantitySource http//bit.ly/1LhnYpAs it is shown in supplys chart when the price is high for a product, supply will increase accordingly. And on the other hand equilibrium or balance will happen. As screamFigure 03(equilibrium chart) describes How supply, demand, price and quantity are stableSource http//bit.ly/1LhnYpFigure 03, determines how supply is dictated by price. Role of other factors homo geneous excess demand and excess supply are not declinable in determining the price in a market economy but is out of this papers capacity.Market economy Vs command marketCommand economy is an economy system that all economic activity is regulated by the government, formerly in China and the Soviet Union are two appropriate examples for such economic system.There are two opposite approaches to an economys operation. The command economy is Hierarchy from top to down, and centrally mean economy of socialism (Roberts, Paul Craig and Karen Lafollette, Melt down Inside the soviet economy, Cato institute ,PP12-13) The market economy is the divided economy of the market economy. The most tangible conflict between the two is the exis tence of private property in the market economy and the absence of private property in the command economy. The belief about command economy is that it is planned and organized while market economy is unplanned.Contradiction to this view is the fact that mark et economy is very intelligently planned via consumer demand through the price system. Moreover, for five reasons the command economy is doomed.First, effort to plan an entire economy by a main decision make body is ineffective as the bulk of task is tremendous.That is impossible that a board of few hundred planners could know the needs, conditions of resource availability, and localized knowledge propagate throughout an economy. Second, the command economy motivation factor eventually is based on force and compulsion.The main element in an economic system is in fact people therefore controlling an economy is first and foremost control of people.Unfortunately human motivation is reduced when force is used in any area which dooms that entity to end.Third, the command economy is based on collectivism which means collective control over production and distribution. Individual encouraging is absent. For example, with ten employees in an economy each will receive one out of tenth of t otal output. If one person neglects, his prejudice is only one of tenth of the production he would rescue produced.So the loss for an entity with a population of millions is dramatic and sometimes irreversible .It turns out that everyone is trying to live at the spending of others and accordingly production efficiency and effectiveness both will reduce.Four, the incentive for production is to satisfy the political authorities who have control over the workers life. In contrast to the market, where production is relied on consumers demand, consumer is not a vital factor to the command economy.And last but not least, economic lay on the lines are much credibly to be higher(prenominal) in command market in compare with market economy, failures such as excess demand and excess supply are more likely to be less or at least are not as intense as command market as consumers demand plays a vital role in market economy and is more manageable.Command economy has advantages as well such as bellowGovernment removes all private contributors and tries to contribute products equally. In this way poverty level will be reduced and there is equal income. Social service are also emphasized in this type of economy. Command economy has capability of fast changes in major problems. For example if a company has to be shifted it will be fast as government has the whole power.Practically bankruptcy does not exist under the command of government and if there is a loss in any enterprise it will be compensated by other resources that are under command of government. For example if any entity has loss and is in need of cash government is responsible for cash injection.In overall every economy system has its own advantage and disadvantages, the current economy paces are toward capitalism which might be the answer to all of prayers. Even though there is no pure market economy systems used in the world and are most considered as mixed economy but still changes are toward capitalism and countries with the background of command economy have taught us that consumer demand is most important factor in economy which its ignorance causes the failure of the whole system.Source http//alturl.com/37gwdFactors that influence the demand for mobile phonesMobile phone markets are one of the most turbulent market environments today, due to increased competition and change. So it is important to look at consumers decision process and recognize the factors that determine the consumers choice between various brands of mobile phones.Factors that influence the demand for mobile phones are vary we try to cover some of the most important.Technology xx century is the communication century, every day new phones by new features are produced, when there is a new technology or feature is added to mobile phones it will increase the demand, as an example for technology, when a technology like Bluetooth started to be added to new phones, demand for the phones with this technology increased, o r for new feature like camera the demand increased. Nowadays mobile phone companies are using societal marketing concept as their marketing plans, which means they focus on consumer needs, while some companies like apple go even further than this concept and determine new needs for customers by invention and technology. They create something in a manner that goes higher than demand and become a need which is described as state of felt deprivation. enchantment demand is described as human wants based on their purchasing power.Environment, as the world is leading to globalization, environment plays a critical role in determining the demand, as vast as a person is in an environment that is affected by a product he/she will get affected by that product, for example resistance to change is much lesser in an environment that is commonly agree on the demand of a product.Usage of Price bouncyity of demand and income walkover of demand in phone companiesPrice elasticity of demand is meas ured by the responsiveness (or sensitivity) of consumers to a price change, according to Campbell McConnell and Stanley Brue (2004, p.356).The price elasticity of demand tool could be used to assess the several pricing plan to determine if the price should be reduced to attract more consumers, or to increase the price while making the product more attractive and more features to make it better bargain. This way also they can realize how elastic is their supplies. It also could dictate that different phones have different potential in elasticity, for example Nokia company Produces N series and E series, then company realizes the E series are highly elastic while N series are more likely to be inelastic in compare with the E series, so Company increase the production of N series while the price is stable, and lowers the production of E series in order to prevent the risk of excess supply.Income elasticity of demand isthe ratio of proportional increase in quantity demanded to proportio nal increase in income, with all prices held constant. A luxury is a good with an income elasticity of demand in excess of unity.1According to income elasticity of demand companies can estimate the future prices and production. As income elasticity is more likely to be effective in luxury goods companies can determine also the quality of the goods. As the world economy faced the recession and has just acquire out of trough phase is recovering itself which means that in future we will face the peak or economy boom, it is when consumers purchasing power increases and are more likely to intend toward quality rather than quantity. That is when Income elasticity of demand tool could help the companies to determine whether they could increase the quality and/or price and/or quantity accordingly. For example Sony Ericson realizes that demand toward its expensive product is increasing opposed to its highly affordable cell phones. This determines that economy now has the potential for a hig her demand especially on expensive products.ConclusionIn overall doctrine of elasticity in economy helps supplier to understand, interact and connect to consumer. It helps you to have a communion with economic and its factors, also has an important role in planning and even marketing in an organization. A Company Like AirAsia that in the trough of recession Was The only airline that had a 271% ahead of pre tax level profit in the first quarter of 2004 (Fourth quarter repot 2005, Airasia2), While all of the other companies only suffering from loss. Such companies like AirAsia have won their ticket by futuristic and planning using doctrine of elasticity analysis. It shows no company no matter how big needs to have planning and analyze in all its area and aspects.

Copper: Structure, Functions and Chemistry

Copper Structure, Functions and ChemistryCOPPER(I) Copper has played a satisfying role in the level of human civilization, he was the first metal produced on a larger scale and apply for practical purposes. Copper has been use by humans since ancient times, in the ancientest antiquity and al some certainly soon after funds and argint. Archeologists discovered objects of this metal dating from 8700 BC, the occurrence of squealer, oft tougher and cheaper than gold and argint, expand the uses and the manufacture of weapons and various utensils (especially plows), thus making a significant jump in history the transition from the Stone Age to the dye Age. Copper is one of the chemical elements of the base, a metal which pure has orange-red tinct and has a soaring electrical and thermal conductivity. Distinctive wring of the hog, reddish, has made as first people to use him in creating jewelry and tools. Currently it is used to create a variety of products (cables, cooking pots and pans, tubes and pipes, car radiators, etc..), and pigment and preservative for paper, paint, stuff and wood. Can also be used in various combinations, with zinc produce memorial tablet and with tin produces bronze .In the Earths crust, copper reserves ar estimated to be about(predicate) 70 split per billion, which puts them among the top four of the Earth reserves. Copper is found in its natural state, but most ar in the mineral reserves, of which the most important are chalcopyrite and bornite. From the point of view of the spread in nature, copper may be found either in the aboriginal form (pure or bonded) or be in the form of compounds or minerals. After existing information, the copper was discovered in the year 6000 BC, by a people living in Turkestan or on the southern slope of the Caucasus. From here emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Crete and even outtually in Europe. Judging after the old copper objects found, it can be said that this metal has emerged in Egypt 5,000 old age BC and then, after a millennium, in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates, where the Sumerian civilization developed. In Egypt, on the pharaoh time Turmes, the copper was exploited in Sinai Peninsula and was known as Komt.Copper ores used by ancient peoples came from Asia Minor and the Cypru. Also, the great philosopher of antiquity, Aristotle (330 BC) wrote that in India there is a kind of copper that can not distinguish gold than by weight (it been easier). The first large deposits of copper ore were discovered about 3000 BC, in the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean.There is evidence that the Greeks and then the Romans extracted copper from Cyprus (since 1500 BC). When the Romans conquered Cyprus, the Romans brought copper almost entirely from Cyprus, so they called him, Cyprium, metal of Cyprus, then shortened to cyprium and later at cuprum.In South America, the alineings showed that there were copper objects from 500 BC along the north coast of Peru. A development in copper processing was done when the Inca imperium fell, it existence conquered by the Spanish in the 1500s. Regarding the unify States, the first copper mine is known in Connecticut (Branby) in 1705, followed by Pennsylvania (Lancaster) in 1732. However, production of copper objects was based on copper imported from Chile until 1844, when were discovered large deposits of copper ore, high quality, around Lake Superior. With the development of techniques for processing by the late 1800s, began exploiting the copper ore lower quality in large mines open in the western United States.The biggest piece of elemental copper found in nature weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, the States. Copper-containing minerals, such as chalcopyrite, Azurite, malachite, copper is present in the earths crust at a concentration of 50 parts per million, and constituted 0.01% of the. Most of copper removed from the mine is in the form of compounds such as sulfides or sulfates. Today, copper ores (copper sulfides, oxides and carbonates) are found in the USA and Canada, as well as several other places (in more than 50 nations). Should be noted, however, about half of the amount of copper in the world comes dinChile and the United States. New Mexico, Nevada, and Montana are states that give the largest amount of copper (about 98 percent) in the United States.World production of copper is about 12 million tons per year and the reserves are about 300 million tons, and is projected to be only for another 25 years. Strongest copper manufacturers, top twain are United States and Chile, followed by Canada, Peru, Australia, Russia, China and Indonesia. About 2 million tons of copper per year are recovered through recycling process.With 2000 years BC, the copper was used only in the manufacture of bronze, and later on making some ornaments and copper combinations of coloring glass in blue (used as a precious stone, rings, brooches an d so on). Objects of copper with the greatest seniority were found in areas with historical significance, eg Chaldea, Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia and America. Thus the oldest objects found in northern Iraq, beads native copper (nuggets), dating from about 9000 BC, and various tools for processing of copper, made in about 5000 BC. In the New World copper objects were used by indigen Americans as early as 2000 BC. In China was used to create bells.Later, the copper has been widely used in various adulterations as bronze and brass (copper zinc) i copper tin zinc. As bronze, was used to make cutlery, coins, tools, art and various bronze vessels.Copper alloys have been strong enough to be used in guns and cannons, and was known as gun metal. Homer wrote of weapons made of copper.Around the year 900 BCE, copper salts have been used for painting had expensive homes, being meltd with clay and lime later.The alloy of copper and nickel (cupronickel) was the preferred metal for coins, bron ze coins first appeared in Egypt, between 430-322 BC, and is now used this alloy for achieving U.S. coins.Because he was one of the main metals (together of gold and silver ), copper came to the attention of the alchemists, who called Venus, after the planet that regarded represented by copper.It is now widely used the likes of bronze and brass in construction, truss building, roofing, heating and plumbing systems. Also, the copper is used heavily for electrical equipment (60%), almost every electrical device (electric clocks, stoves, takeout CD players, and electricity transmission wires) is based on copper, because it has a high electrical conductivity and cheap. It is well known that older telephone lines were made of duncical copper wire packages, computers have copper circuit boards.Some copper alloys are used as pesticide for insects and rodents. Also, Copper alloys are found used in a variety of compounds battery fluid, in fireproof, fabric paints, food additives for farm a nimals fireworks (bright emerald color)The copper alloys underpin the manufacture of ceramics and enamels, photographic film, the different pigments and marine paints, as well as metals conservation, water purification, and wood protection. Using copper compounds, can also be undertaken and semi precious stones, such as turquoise (vary in color from color to blue) and malachite.Physical properties are usually those that can be observed using our senses such as color, luster, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, density, hardness and odor.A disc of copper (99.95% pure)In its solid state, of metal, copper has with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, and is reddish, this color is the main property after which differs from the other elements. Copper color reflects red and orange light and absorbs other frequencies in the visible spectrum, due to its band structure. The copper crystal (cubic, face-centered) is lacking the presence of polymorphism.Usually, most of the i n essential compounds and organic compounds of copper are blue in color, although some may be green or greenish. Very interesting are his properties,to form compounds by green color (carbonate, chloride, etc.), Black (oxide) or blue (sulfate and hydroxide). One of the disadvantages of copper is the phenomenon of Cocle (greening), which can be often observed on old vessels and coins. Together with osmium (blue) and gold (golden yellow), the copper is one of three elemental metals has natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish stain when assailable to air, and will be green later.Cooper has a high melting point (1083C), which cause limited use to the pure metal. It can easily combine with other metals Zn, Sn and Ni, forming alloys brass, bronze,constantan, with improved properties and low melting points. He has a shine or glow, and his boiling point is 2595C. Its density is 8.96 grams per cubic centimeter. Copper is a very soft metal wit h a hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale (50 scale Vickers), tensile strength stood at 210 MPa, but is quite liberal to breaking, and very ductile (can be drawn into wires) and can be molded at high pressure. Both copper and its alloys have a very high pliability (can be drawn in thin sheets), and are very easy to process. However, the ductility of copper is extremely favorable, thus being able to fetch very thin copper wire, called strands (they used in the past, fuses). It is malleable, ductile, and an extremely good conductor of both heat and electricity. It is softer than zinc and can be polished to a bright finish. Is similar to the thermal conductivity of silver (silver 1 to 0.93), and much higher than other common metals. Precisely because of this property, copper pipe is used to steer heat. However, the conductivity of copper is decreased when cooper is impure when cooper contain the impurities of 0.1% of elements such as phosphorus, arsenic, silicon or iron, the conductivity may lower even by 20%. Therefore, electrotechnics uses only pure copper electrolyte.Like all metals, if copper is plated with another metal, begin galvanic corrosion process.Chemical propertiesAtomic form of copper is 29, and is found in group 11 of the periodic table, together with silver and gold, and has symbol Cu. Relative atomic mass is 63.546. The valence of copper is basically 1 or 2 (a rare form copper compounds and salts of oxidation state 1, and 2, which are commonly called cuprous or cupric salts), although less may be even 3 .It is found in Group 11, Period 4 of the periodic table. Copper isotope 6429Cu electronic shell electron, 29 protons and 35 neutrons in the nucleus. Thanks to its electronic structure, copper may transfer an electron turn up on the last layer, forming ion CuI. Who ion combinations are invariable. Copper can give, besides the electron located on the last layer, another electron, which is on the penultimate layer, forming ions CuIICopper does not react with water, but reacted slowly with the ambient air, as a result of this reaction, the copper surface to form a green layer of oxidized copper. In contrast to the oxidation of iron in moist air, this oxide layer stops the corrosion a layer of green verdigris (copper carbonate) can be seen on old copper constructions, such as the Statue of Liberty, the largest copper statue world. Most copper salts are hygroscopic.Copper presents magnetic conductivity.IsotopesCopper has 29 isotopes two of them, 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, and isotope 63Cu represents 69% of all natural copper. The other isotopes 27 are unstable (radioactive) the most stable of the radioactive is 67 Cu with half-life by 61.83 hours. Seven other isotopes have been characterized between radioactive isotopes, it remark 63Cu, which emit positive beta radiation, resulting the isotopes of nickel, turn the 65Cu isotope, with beta negative radioactive emissions, has results zinc isotopes.It should be noted that although it is a metal, copper is an essential element of life. It is found in all tissues of the body, but most of the copper found in the liver, and small quantities are found in the brain, heart, kidney and muscle.As beneficial effects, copper helps the body to use iron in the blood, reducing free radicals actions on tissues. Consuming foods copper may also prevent certain diseases or disabilities, such as allergies, baldness, AIDS, leukemia, osteoporosis and stomach ulcers. With iron (another metal), the copper assists in the synthesis of red blood cells.But it must be noted that copper does not break down in the environment, so it can be accumulated by plants and animals. This means that where there is copper in large quantities, it can develop only a limited number of plants, which adversely print the work of agricultural land according to soil acidity and the presence of organic matter. However, manure containing large copper, is still applied on fields farm.Also, copper negatively influence activity of microorganisms and earthworms, which implies a slow decomposition of organic matter.Cupric salts are very powerful poisons for algae and fungi. Therefore, impregnate wood sulphate or copper naphthenate, to avoid the mushrooms and sprinkled vineyards, against blight, with a solution of copper sulphate mixed with lime.Copper has played a significant role in the history of human civilization, it the first metal produced on a larger scale and used for practical purposes. Copper is, after iron, the metal most used.After ones set, we find that the copper is a very common substance that occurs naturally in the environment and people use extensively. Apply in industry and agriculture, which made as copper production to increase over the last decades.

Efforts to Break the Stalemate on the Western Front Essay -- Papers

Efforts to Break the Stalemate on the Western Front There are five main factors that are crucial in explaining the development of a stalemate on the Western Front. All the armies and navies of Europe faced each early(a) across fortified front lines. The pre-war be afters had succumbed to the technological surprise of 1914-15 that the withering firepower of machine-guns, cartridge rifles, and rapid-fire artillery favoured the defence. Infantry in deep trenches, fronted with mines and barbed wire and backed by artillery, could not be dislodged by frontal attack. Accordingly, military and political leaders spent the war groping for means of breaking the stalemate in the trenches. First, neutrals talent be enticed to enter the war, perhaps throwing enough weight into the balance to provide victory. Second, new weapons, tactics, and theatres might break the deadlock or achieve strategic goals elsewhere. Third, much and more men and material might be squee zed out of the home economy to tip the balance of forces or wear down the enemy by economic attrition. The first of theses means determined much of the diplomatic history of the war. The second stimulated technological developments such as poison gas, tanks, and submarines, as closely as the peripheral campaigns of southern Europe and the Middle East. The third determined the evolution of war economies and the character of what came to be called total war. In 1916 German strategists once again turned west with the expressed intention of bleeding France white and breaking her armys spirit. The object of attack was to be the fortress of Verdun, and the end called for substitution of ordnance for manpo... ...arose. The Schlieffen plan represented a pristine militarism the belief that all factors could be accounted for in advance, that execution could be flawless, that pure force could resolve all political problems including the plan itself. By October 1 914 all the plans had unravelled. After the German defeat in the battle of the Marne, the Western Front stabilised into an uninterrupted line for 466 miles from Newport on the Belgian seashore south to Bapaume, then Southeast past Soissons, Verdun, Nancy, and so to the Swiss Frontier. Both sides dug-in, and condemned themselves to four years of hellish stalemate on the Western Front. I stop that the most important three factors are none of them they all are equally the same as they play their different roles in the development of a stalemate on the Western Front.

Symbols and Symbolism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Dar

Symbols and Symbolism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Symbolism has long been a tool of the storyteller, finding its origins in the folklore of our earlier civilizations. In more recent years, however, symbolism has taken on a new role, forming the skeleton upon which the storyteller builds the tales of his or hers thoughts and adventures. Knowing the power of this element, Joseph Conrad uses symbols to help the contributor explore dark interiors of men. The symbols become a vehicle that carry the audience from stop to stop, the ride becoming an evaluation of the darkness contained inside the hearts of mankind. done the use of Dark Africa as an overpowering symbol, Conrads Heart of Darkness tells a story that evaluates mans tendencies to fall back on barbaric methods when not protected by civilization. As Marlow proceeded through the jungle towards the uncivilized world of Kurtz, he said, of the men they passed , They passed me within six inches, without a glance, with that c omplete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages(Conrad, 80). Marlows advancements into the jungle, acted parallel with my husking In our deepest nature, all men are savages. Marlow connects with the very backbone in which constitutes Conrads theme The shade of the original Kurtz frequented the beside of the hollow make believe, whose fate it was buried presently in the mold of primeval earth. But both diabolic love and the unearthly hate of the mysteries it had penetrated fought for the possession of that soul satisfied with primitive emotions, avid of lying fame, of sham distinction, of all the appearances of success and power(... ...his goals have not been met he died and so did his society. Marlow and Kurtz could be considered as two conditions of human existence, Kurtz representing what Man could become if left to his experience intrinsic devices outside protective society. Marlow, then, representing a pure untainted civilized soul who has not been drawn to sav agery by a dark, alienated jungle. consort to Conrad, the will to give into the uncivilized man does not just reside in Kurtz alone. Every man has inside himself a heart of darkness. This heart is drowned in a bath of light shed by the advent of civilization. No man is an island, and no man can live on an island without becoming a brutal savage. Inside his heart lies the raw evil of untamed lifestyles.Work CitedConrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York Dover, 1990.